43
to environmental stresses and market fluctuations. There is, therefore, a need to intensify agriculture
by diversifying the production systems for maximum efficiency in the utilization of local resources,
while minimizing environmental and economic risks. Where intensification of farming systems is not
possible, other on-farm and off-farm employment opportunities should be identified and developed,
such as cottage industries, wildlife utilization, aquaculture and fisheries, non-farm activities, such as
light village-based manufacturing, farm commodity processing, agribusiness, recreation and tourism,
etc.
Objectives
14.26. The objectives of this programme area are:
a. To improve farm productivity in a sustainable manner, as well as to increase
diversification, efficiency, food security and rural incomes, while ensuring that risks to
the ecosystem are minimized;
b. To enhance the self-reliance of farmers in developing and improving rural infrastructure,
and to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies for integrated
production and farming systems, including indigenous technologies and the sustainable
use of biological and ecological processes, including agroforestry, sustainable wildlife
conservation and management, aquaculture, inland fisheries and animal husbandry;
c. To create farm and non-farm employment opportunities, particularly among the poor and
those living in marginal areas, taking into account the alternative livelihood proposal
inter alia in dryland areas.
Activities
(a) Management-related activities
14.27. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop and disseminate to farming households integrated farm management
technologies, such as crop rotation, organic manuring and other techniques involving
reduced use of agricultural chemicals, multiple techniques for sources of nutrients and the
efficient utilization of external inputs, while enhancing techniques for waste and by-
product utilization and prevention of pre- and post-harvest losses, taking particular note
of the role of women;
b. Create non-farm employment opportunities through private small-scale agro-processing
units, rural service centres and related infrastructural improvements;
c. Promote and improve rural financial networks that utilize investment capital resources
raised locally;
d. Provide the essential rural infrastructure for access to agricultural inputs and services, as
well as to national and local markets, and reduce food losses;
e. Initiate and maintain farm surveys, on-farm testing of appropriate technologies and
dialogue with rural communities to identify constraints and bottlenecks and find
solutions;
f. Analyse and identify possibilities for economic integration of agricultural and forestry
activities, as well as water and fisheries, and to take effective measures to encourage
forest management and growing of trees by farmers (farm forestry) as an option for
resource development.
41
(b) Data and information
14.28. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Analyse the effects of technical innovations and incentives on farm-household income
and well-being;
b. Initiate and maintain on-farm and off-farm programmes to collect and record indigenous
knowledge.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
14.29 International institutions, such as FAO and IFAD, international agricultural research centres, such as
CGIAR, and regional centres should diagnose the world's major agro-ecosystems, their extension,
ecological and socio-economic characteristics, their susceptibility to deterioration and their
productive potential. This could form the basis for technology development and exchange and for
regional research collaboration.
Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
14.29. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implementing the activities of this programme to be about $10 billion, including about $1.5 billion
from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-
magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial
terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies
and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means
14.30. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should strengthen research on agricultural production systems in areas with different
endowments and agro-ecological zones, including comparative analysis of the intensification,
diversification and different levels of external and internal inputs.
(c) Human resource development
14.31. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Promote educational and vocational training for farmers and rural communities through
formal and non-formal education;
b. Launch awareness and training programmes for entrepreneurs, managers, bankers and
traders in rural servicing and small-scale agro-processing techniques.
(d) Capacity-building
14.32. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Improve their organizational capacity to deal with issues related to off-farm activities and
rural industry development;
b. Expand credit facilities and rural infrastructure related to processing, transportation and
marketing.
D. Land-resource planning, information and education for agriculture
42
Basis for action
14.33. Inappropriate and uncontrolled land uses are a major cause of degradation and depletion of land
resources. Present land use often disregards the actual potentials, carrying capacities and limitations
of land resources, as well as their diversity in space. It is estimated that the world's population, now
at 5.4 billion, will be 6.25 billion by the turn of the century. The need to increase food production to
meet the expanding needs of the population will put enormous pressure on all natural resources,
including land.
14.34. Poverty and malnutrition are already endemic in many regions. The destruction and degradation of
agricultural and environmental resources is a major issue. Techniques for increasing production and
conserving soil and water resources are already available but are not widely or systematically
applied. A systematic approach is needed for identifying land uses and production systems that are
sustainable in each land and climate zone, including the economic, social and institutional
mechanisms necessary for their implementation. 3/
Objectives
14.35. The objectives of this programme area are:
a. To harmonize planning procedures, involve farmers in the planning process, collect land-
resource data, design and establish databases, define land areas of similar capability,
identify resource problems and values that need to be taken into account to establish
mechanisms to encourage efficient and environmentally sound use of resources;
b. To establish agricultural planning bodies at national and local levels to decide priorities,
channel resources and implement programmes.
Activities
(a) Management-related activities
14.36. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Establish and strengthen agricultural land-use and land-resource planning, management,
education and information at national and local levels;
b. Initiate and maintain district and village agricultural land-resource planning, management
and conservation groups to assist in problem identification, development of technical and
management solutions, and project implementation.
(b) Data and information
14.37. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Collect, continuously monitor, update and disseminate information, whenever possible,
on the utilization of natural resources and living conditions, climate, water and soil
factors, and on land use, distribution of vegetation cover and animal species, utilization of
wild plants, production systems and yields, costs and prices, and social and cultural
considerations that affect agricultural and adjacent land use;
b. Establish programmes to provide information, promote discussion and encourage the
formation of management groups.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
14.38. The appropriate United Nations agencies and regional organizations should:
42
a. Strengthen or establish international, regional and subregional technical working groups
with specific terms of reference and budgets to promote the integrated use of land
resources for agriculture, planning, data collection and diffusion of simulation models of
production and information dissemination;
b. Develop internationally acceptable methodologies for the establishment of databases,
description of land uses and multiple goal optimization.
Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
14.39. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implementing the activities of this programme to be about $1.7 billion, including about $250 million
from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-
magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial
terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies
and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means
14.40. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop databases and geographical information systems to store and display physical,
social and economic information pertaining to agriculture, and the definition of
ecological zones and development areas;
b. Select combinations of land uses and production systems appropriate to land units
through multiple goal optimization procedures, and strengthen delivery systems and local
community participation;
c. Encourage integrated planning at the watershed and landscape level to reduce soil loss
and protect surface and groundwater resources from chemical pollution.
(c) Human resource development
14.41. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Train professionals and planning groups at national, district and village levels through
formal and informal instructional courses, travel and interaction;
b. Generate discussion at all levels on policy, development and environmental issues related
to agricultural land use and management, through media programmes, conferences and
seminars.
(d) Capacity-building
14.42. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Establish land-resource mapping and planning units at national, district and village levels
to act as focal points and links between institutions and disciplines, and between
Governments and people;
b. Establish or strengthen Governments and international institutions with responsibility for
agricultural resource survey, management and development; rationalize and strengthen
legal frameworks; and provide equipment and technical assistance.
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E. Land conservation and rehabilitation
Basis for action
14.43. Land degradation is the most important environmental problem affecting extensive areas of land in
both developed and developing countries. The problem of soil erosion is particularly acute in
developing countries, while problems of salinization, waterlogging, soil pollution and loss of soil
fertility are increasing in all countries. Land degradation is serious because the productivity of huge
areas of land is declining just when populations are increasing rapidly and the demand on the land is
growing to produce more food, fibre and fuel. Efforts to control land degradation, particularly in
developing countries, have had limited success to date. Well planned, long-term national and regional
land conservation and rehabilitation programmes, with strong political support and adequate funding,
are now needed. While land-use planning and land zoning, combined with better land management,
should provide long-term solutions, it is urgent to arrest land degradation and launch conservation
and rehabilitation programmes in the most critically affected and vulnerable areas.
Objectives
14.44. The objectives of this programme area are:
a. By the year 2000, to review and initiate, as appropriate, national land-resource surveys,
detailing the location, extent and severity of land degradation;
b. To prepare and implement comprehensive policies and programmes leading to the
reclamation of degraded lands and the conservation of areas at risk, as well as improve
the general planning, management and utilization of land resources and preserve soil
fertility for sustainable agricultural development.
Activities
(a) Management-related activities
14.45. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop and implement programmes to remove and resolve the physical, social and
economic causes of land degradation, such as land tenure, appropriate trading systems
and agricultural pricing structures, which lead to inappropriate land-use management;
b. Provide incentives and, where appropriate and possible, resources for the participation of
local communities in the planning, implementation and maintenance of their own
conservation and reclamation programmes;
c. Develop and implement programmes for the rehabilitation of land degraded by water-
logging and salinity;
d. Develop and implement programmes for the progressive use of non-cultivated land with
agricultural potential in a sustainable way.
(b) Data and information
14.46. Governments, at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Conduct periodic surveys to assess the extent and state of its land resources;
b. Strengthen and establish national land-resource data banks, including identification of the
location, extent and severity of existing land degradation, as well as areas at risk, and
40
evaluate the progress of the conservation and rehabilitation programmes launched in this
regard;
c. Collect and record information on indigenous conservation and rehabilitation practices
and farming systems as a basis for research and extension programmes.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
14.47. The appropriate United Nations agencies, regional organizations and non-governmental
organizations should:
a. Develop priority conservation and rehabilitation programmes with advisory services to
Governments and regional organizations;
b. Establish regional and subregional networks for scientists and technicians to exchange
experiences, develop joint programmes and spread successful technologies on land
conservation and rehabilitation.
Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
14.48. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implementing the activities of this programme to be about $5 billion, including about $800 million
from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-
magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial
terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies
and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means
14.49. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should help farming household communities to investigate and promote site-specific
technologies and farming systems that conserve and rehabilitate land, while increasing agricultural
production, including conservation tillage agroforestry, terracing and mixed cropping.
(c) Human resource development
14.50. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should train field staff and land users in indigenous and modern techniques of
conservation and rehabilitation and should establish training facilities for extension staff and land
users.
(d) Capacity-building
14.51. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop and strengthen national research institutional capacity to identify and implement
effective conservation and rehabilitation practices that are appropriate to the existing
socio-economic physical conditions of the land users;
b. Coordinate all land conservation and rehabilitation policies, strategies and programmes
with related ongoing programmes, such as national environment action plans, the
Tropical Forestry Action Plan and national development programmes.
F. Water for sustainable food production and sustainable rural development
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42
14.52. This programme area is included in chapter 18 (Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater
resources), programme area F.
G. Conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and sustainable
agriculture
Basis for action
14.53. Plant genetic resources for agriculture (PGRFA) are an essential resource to meet future needs for
food. Threats to the security of these resources are growing, and efforts to conserve, develop and use
genetic diversity are underfunded and understaffed. Many existing gene banks provide inadequate
security and, in some instances, the loss of plant genetic diversity in gene banks is as great as it is in
the field.
14.54. The primary objective is to safeguard the world's genetic resources while preserving them to use
sustainably. This includes the development of measures to facilitate the conservation and use of plant
genetic resources, networks of in situ conservation areas and use of tools such as ex situ collections
and germ plasma banks. Special emphasis could be placed on the building of endogenous capacity
for characterization, evaluation and utilization of PGRFA, particularly for the minor crops and other
underutilized or non-utilized species of food and agriculture, including tree species for agro-forestry.
Subsequent action could be aimed at consolidation and efficient management of networks of in situ
conservation areas and use of tools such as ex situ collections and germ plasma banks.
14.55. Major gaps and weaknesses exist in the capacity of existing national and international mechanisms
to assess, study, monitor and use plant genetic resources to increase food production. Existing
institutional capacity, structures and programmes are generally inadequate and largely underfunded.
There is genetic erosion of invaluable crop species. Existing diversity in crop species is not used to
the extent possible for increased food production in a sustainable way. 4/
Objectives
14.56. The objectives of this programme area are:
a. To complete the first regeneration and safe duplication of existing ex situ collections on a
world-wide basis as soon as possible;
b. To collect and study plants useful for increasing food production through joint activities,
including training, within the framework of networks of collaborating institutions;
c. Not later than the year 2000, to adopt policies and strengthen or establish programmes for
in situ on-farm and ex situ conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture, integrated into strategies and programmes for sustainable
agriculture;
d. To take appropriate measures for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits and results of
research and development in plant breeding between the sources and users of plant
genetic resources.
Activities
(a) Management-related activities
14.57. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop and strengthen institutional capacity, structures and programmes for
conservation and use of PGRFA;
39
b. Strengthen and establish research in the public domain on PGRFA evaluation and
utilization, with the objectives of sustainable agriculture and rural development in view;
c. Develop multiplication/propagation, exchange and dissemination facilities for PGRFAs
(seeds and planting materials), particularly in developing countries and monitor, control
and evaluate plant introductions;
d. Prepare plans or programmes of priority action on conservation and sustainable use of
PGRFA, based, as appropriate, on country studies on PGRFA;
e. Promote crop diversification in agricultural systems where appropriate, including new
plants with potential value as food crops;
f. Promote utilization as well as research on poorly known, but potentially useful, plants
and crops, where appropriate;
g. Strengthen national capabilities for utilization of PGRFA, plant breeding and seed
production capabilities, both by specialized institutions and farming communities.
(b) Data and information
14.58. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop strategies for networks of in situ conservation areas and use of tools such as on-
farm ex situ collections, germplasm banks and related technologies;
b. Establish ex situ base collection networks;
c. Review periodically and report on the situation on PGRFA, using existing systems and
procedures;
d. Characterize and evaluate PGRFA material collected, disseminate information to
facilitate the use of PGRFA collections and assess genetic variation in collections.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
14.59. The appropriate United Nations agencies and regional organizations should:
a. Strengthen the Global System on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA by,
inter alia, accelerating the development of the Global Information and Early Warning
System to facilitate the exchange of information; developing ways to promote the transfer
of environmentally sound technologies, in particular to developing countries; and taking
further steps to realize farmers' rights;
b. Develop subregional, regional and global networks of PGRFA in situ in protected areas;
c. Prepare periodic state of the world reports on PGRFA;
d. Prepare a rolling global cooperative plan of action on PGRFA;
e. Promote, for 1994, the Fourth International Technical Conference on the Conservation
and Sustainable Use of PGRFA, which is to adopt the first state of the world report and
the first global plan of action on the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA;
f. Adjust the Global System for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA in line
with the outcome of the negotiations of a convention on biological diversity.
Means of implementation
41
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
14.60. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of
implementing the activities of this programme to be about $600 million, including about $300
million from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and
order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and
financial terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific
strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means
14.61. Governments, at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Develop basic science research in such areas as plant taxonomy and phytogeography,
utilizing recent developments, such as computer sciences, molecular genetics and in vitro
cryopreservation;
b. Develop major collaborative projects between research programmes in developed and
developing countries, particularly for the enhancement of poorly known or neglected
crops;
c. Promote cost-effective technologies for keeping duplicate sets of ex situ collections
(which can also be used by local communities);
d. Develop further conservation sciences in relation to in situ conservation and technical
means to link it with ex situ conservation efforts.
(c) Human resource development
14.62. Governments at the appropriate level and with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations should:
a. Promote training programmes at both undergraduate and post-graduate levels in
conservation sciences for running PGRFA facilities and for the design and
implementation of national programmes in PGRFA;
b. Raise the awareness of agricultural extension services in order to link PGRFA activities
with user communities;
c. Develop training materials to promote conservation and utilization of PGRFA at the local
level.
(d) Capacity-building
14.63. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should establish national policies to provide legal status for and strengthen legal
aspects of PGRFA, including long-term financial commitments for germplasm collections and
implementation of activities in PGRFA.
H. Conservation and sustainable utilization of animal genetic resources for sustainable agriculture
Basis for action
14.64. The need for increased quantity and quality of animal products and for draught animals calls for
conservation of the existing diversity of animal breeds to meet future requirements, including those
for use in biotechnology. Some local animal breeds, in addition to their socio-cultural value, have
unique attributes for adaptation, disease resistance and specific uses and should be preserved. These
40
local breeds are threatened by extinction as a result of the introduction of exotic breeds and of
changes in livestock production systems.
Objectives
14.65. The objectives of this programme area are:
a. To enumerate and describe all breeds of livestock used in animal agriculture in as broad a
way as possible and begin a 10-year programme of action;
b. To establish and implement action programmes to identify breeds at risk, together with
the nature of the risk and appropriate preservation measures;
c. To establish and implement development programmes for indigenous breeds in order to
guarantee their survival, avoiding the risk of their being replaced by breed substitution or
cross-breeding programmes.
Activities
(a) Management-related activities
14.66. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should:
a. Draw up breed preservation plans, for endangered populations, including semen/embryo
collection and storage, farm-based conservation of indigenous stock or in situ
preservation;
b. Plan and initiate breed development strategies;
c. Select indigenous populations on the basis of regional importance and genetic
uniqueness, for a 10-year programme, followed by selection of an additional cohort of
indigenous breeds for development.
(b) Data and information
14.67. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional
organizations, should prepare and complete national inventories of available animal genetic
resources. Cryogenic storage could be given priority over characterization and evaluation. Training
of nationals in conservation and assessment techniques would be given special attention.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
14.68. The appropriate United Nations and other international and regional agencies should:
a. Promote the establishment of regional gene banks to the extent that they are justified,
based on principles of technical cooperation among developing countries;
b. Process, store and analyse animal genetic data at the global level, including the
establishment of a world watch list and an early warning system for endangered breeds;
global assessment of scientific and intergovernmental guidance of the programme and
review of regional and national activities; development of methodologies, norms and
standards (including international agreements); monitoring of their implementation; and
related technical and financial assistance;
c. Prepare and publish a comprehensive database of animal genetic resources, describing
each breed, its derivation, its relationship with other breeds, effective population size and
a concise set of biological and production characteristics;
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