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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 1 of 39

This document is the European Union's proposal for Investment Protection and Resolution of

Investment Disputes. It was tabled for discussion with the United States and made public on

12 November 2015. The actual text in the final agreement will be a result of negotiations

between the EU and US.

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

TRADE IN SERVICES, INVESTMENT AND E-COMMERCE

CHAPTER II - INVESTMENT

NOTE: The EU reserves the right to make subsequent modifications to this text and to

complement its proposals at a later stage, by modifying, supplementing or withdrawing all, or

any part, at any time.

This text is to be included in the Title on trade in services, investment and e-commerce.

Definitions specific to investment protection

For purposes of this Title:

(x1) 'covered investment' means an investment which is owned, directly or indirectly, or

controlled, directly or indirectly, by investors of one Party in the territory

of the other

Party made in accordance with applicable laws, whether made before or after the entry

into force of this Agreement.

(x2) 'investment' means every kind of asset which has the characteristics of an investment,

which includes a certain duration and other characteristics such as the commitment of

capital or other resources, the expectation of gain or profit, or the assumption of risk.

Forms that an investment may take include:

a) an enterprise;

b) shares, stocks and other forms of equity participation in an enterprise;

c) bonds, debentures and other debt instruments of an enterprise;

d) a loan to an enterprise;

e) any other kinds of interest in an enterprise;

f) an interest arising from:

1 For greater certainty, territory shall include exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, as provided in the

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 2 of 39

a concession conferred pursuant to domestic law or under a contract,

including to search for, cultivate, extract or exploit natural resources,

ii)

a turnkey, construction, production, or revenue-sharing contract, or

iii)

other similar contracts;

g) intellectual property rights;

h) any other moveable property, tangible or intangible, or immovable property and

related rights;

i) claims to money or claims to performance under a contract;

For greater certainty, 'claims to money' does not include claims to money that arise

solely from commercial contracts for the sale of goods or services by a natural person

or enterprise in the territory of a Party to a natural person or enterprise in the territory

of the other Party, domestic financing of such contracts, or any related order,

judgment, or arbitral award.

Returns that are invested shall be treated as investments and any alteration of the form

in which assets are invested or reinvested shall not affect their qualification as

investments.

(x3)

‘freely convertible currency’ means a currency which is widely traded in international

foreign exchange markets and widely used in international transactions.

(x4) 'returns' means all amounts yielded by or derived from an investment or reinvestment,

including profits, dividends, capital gains, royalties, interest, payments in connection

with intellectual property rights, payments in kind and all other lawful income.

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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 3 of 39

Section 2

Investment Protection

Article 1

Scope

The provisions in this Section shall apply to:

(i)

covered investments;

(ii) investors of a Party in respect of a covered investment as regards any treatment

that may affect the operation of such investment.

Article 2

Investment and regulatory measures/objectives

1. The provisions of this section shall not affect the right of the Parties to regulate within

their territories through measures necessary to achieve legitimate policy objectives, such

as the protection of public health, safety, environment or public morals, social or

consumer protection or promotion and protection of cultural diversity.

2. For greater certainty, the provisions of this section shall not be interpreted as a

commitment from a Party that it will not change the legal and regulatory framework,

including in a manner that may negatively affect the operation of covered investments or

the investor’s expectations of profits.

For greater certainty and subject to paragraph 4, a Party’s decision not to issue, renew or

maintain a subsidy

(a) in the absence of any specific commitment under law or contract to issue,

renew, or maintain that subsidy; or

(b) in accordance with any terms or conditions attached to the issuance, renewal or

maintenance of the subsidy,

shall not constitute a breach of the provisions of this Section.

4. For greater certainty, nothing in this Section shall be construed as preventing a Party from

discontinuing the granting of a subsidy

and/or requesting its reimbursement, or as

requiring that Party to compensate the investor therefor, where such action has been

ordered by one of its competent authorities listed in Annex III.

In the case of the EU, "subsidy" includes "state aid" as defined in the EU law.

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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

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Article 3

Treatment of Investors and of covered investments

1. Each Party shall accord in its territory to covered investments of the other Party and

investors with respect to their covered investments fair and equitable treatment and full

protection and security in accordance with paragraphs 2 to 5.

2. A Party breaches the obligation of fair and equitable treatment referenced in paragraph 1

where a measure or a series of measures constitutes:

(a) denial of justice in criminal, civil or administrative proceedings; or

(b) fundamental breach of due process, including a fundamental breach of

transparency and obstacles to effective access to justice, in judicial and

administrative proceedings; or

(d) targeted discrimination on manifestly wrongful grounds, such as gender, race or

religious belief; or

(e) harassment, coercion, abuse of power or similar bad faith conduct; or

(f) a breach of any further elements of the fair and equitable treatment obligation

adopted by the Parties in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.

3. The Parties shall, upon request of a Party, review the content of the obligation to provide

fair and equitable treatment. The […] Committee

(reference to article on Services and

Investment Committee) may develop recommendations in this regard and submit them to

the […] Committee (

reference to article on Trade Committee). The

[…] Committee

(reference to article on Trade Committee) shall consider whether to recommend that the

Agreement is amended, in accordance with Article [relevant procedures for the

amendment of the Agreement].

4. When applying the above fair and equitable treatment obligation, a tribunal may take into

account whether a Party made a specific representation to an investor to induce a covered

investment, that created a legitimate expectation, and upon which the investor relied in

deciding to make or maintain the covered investment, but that the Party subsequently

frustrated.

For greater certainty, ‘full protection and security’ refers to the Party’s obligations relating

to physical security of investors and covered investments.

6. For greater certainty, a breach of another provision of this Agreement, or of any other

international agreement, does not constitute a breach of this Article.

Article 4

Compensation for losses

1. Investors of a Party whose covered investments suffer losses owing to war or other armed

conflict, revolution, a state of national emergency, revolt, insurrection or riot in the

territory of the other Party shall be accorded by the latter Party, with respect to restitution,

indemnification, compensation or other form of settlement, treatment no less favourable

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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

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than that accorded by the latter Party to its own investors or to the investors of any non-

Party, whichever is more favourable to the investor.

2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1 of this Article, investors of a Party who, in any of the

situations referred to in that paragraph, suffer losses in the territory of the other Party

resulting from:

(a) requisitioning of their covered investment or a part thereof by the latter's armed

forces or authorities; or

(b) destruction of their covered investment or a part thereof by the latter's armed forces

or authorities, which was not required by the necessity of the situation;

shall be accorded prompt, adequate and effective restitution or compensation by the other

Party. The amount of such compensation shall be determined in accordance with the

provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 5 [Expropriation], from the date of requisitioning or

destruction until the date of actual payment.

Article 5

Expropriation

1. Neither Party shall nationalize or expropriate a covered investment either directly or

indirectly through measures having an effect equivalent to nationalisation or expropriation

(hereinafter referred to as 'expropriation') except:

(a) for a public purpose;

(b) under due process of law;

(d) against payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation.

2. For greater certainty, this paragraph shall be interpreted in accordance with Annex I [on

expropriation].

3. Such compensation shall amount to the fair market value of the investment at the time

immediately before the expropriation or the impending expropriation became public

knowledge, whichever is earlier, plus interest at a normal commercial rate, from the date

of expropriation until the date of payment.

4. Such compensation shall be effectively realisable, freely transferable in accordance with

Article 6 [Transfers] and made without delay.

5. The investor affected shall have a right, under the law of the expropriating Party, to

prompt review of its claim and of the valuation of its investment, by a judicial or other

independent authority of that Party, in accordance with the principles set out in this

Article.

6. This Article does not apply to the issuance of compulsory licenses granted in relation to

intellectual property rights, to the extent that such issuance is consistent with the Agreement

on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in Annex 1C to the WTO

Agreements ('TRIPS Agreement').

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EU-US TTIP Negotiations

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7. For greater certainty, the revocation, limitation or creation of intellectual property rights to the

extent that these measures are consistent with TRIPS and Chapter X (Intellectual Property) of

this Agreement, do not constitute expropriation. Moreover, a determination that these actions

are inconsistent with the TRIPS Agreement or Chapter X (Intellectual Property) of this

Agreement does not establish that there has been an expropriation.

Article 6

Transfer

1. Each Party shall permit all transfers relating to a covered investment to be made in a

freely convertible currency, without restriction or delay and at the prevailing market rate

of exchange applicable on the date of transfer to the currency to be transferred. Such

transfers include:

(a) contributions to capital, such as principal and additional funds to maintain,

develop or increase the investment;

(b) profits, dividends, capital gains and other returns, proceeds from the sale of all

or any part of the investment or from the partial or complete liquidation of the

investment;

fees;

(d) payments made under a contract entered into by the investor, or its investment,

including payments made pursuant to a loan agreement;

(e) earnings and other remuneration of personnel engaged from abroad and working

in connection with an investment;

(f) payments made pursuant to Articles 4 [Compensation for Losses] and 5

[Expropriation];

(g) payments of damages pursuant to an award issued by a tribunal under Section [

Resolution of Investment Disputes and Investment Court System].

2. Neither Party may require its investors to transfer, or penalise its investors for failing to

transfer, the income, earnings, profits or other amounts derived from, or attributable to,

investments in the territory of the other Party.

3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, nothing in this article shall be construed to prevent a

Party from applying in an equitable and non-discriminatory manner, and not in a way that

would constitute a disguised restriction on trade and investment, its laws relating to:

(a) bankruptcy, insolvency, bank recovery and resolution, or the protection of the

rights of creditors, and the prudential supervision of financial institutions;

(b) issuing, trading, or dealing in financial instruments;

enforcement or financial regulatory authorities;

(d) criminal or penal offenses, deceptive or fraudulent practices;

(e) ensuring the satisfaction of judgments in adjudicatory proceedings.

(f) social security, public retirement or compulsory savings schemes.

EU-US TTIP Negotiations

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Note:

Additional provisions, e.g. on restrictions in case of balance of payments and external

financial difficulties or for the operation of the economic and monetary union, in the case of

the European Union will be inserted in the general/horizontal part of the Agreement and will

apply to this article.

Paragraph 3 might be reviewed /deleted if it overlaps with provisions to be inserted in the

general/horizontal part of the Agreement and to be applied to this article.

Article 7

Observance of written commitments

Where a Party either itself or through any entity mentioned in Article X [Definition of

‘'measures adopted or maintained by a Party’] has entered into any contractual written

commitment

with investors of the other Party or with their covered investments, that Party

shall not, either itself or through any such entity breach the said commitment through the

exercise of governmental authority.

Article 8

Subrogation

If a Party, or an agency thereof, makes a payment under an indemnity, guarantee or contract

of insurance it has entered into in respect of an investment made by one of its investors in the

territory of the other Party, the other Party shall recognize that the Party or its agency shall be

entitled in all circumstances to the same rights as those of the investor in respect of the

investment. Such rights may be exercised by the Party or an agency thereof, or by the investor

if the Party or an agency thereof so authorises.

Article 9

Denial of benefits

A Party may deny the benefits of this Chapter to an investor of the other Party that is an

enterprise of that Party and to investments of that investor if:

(a)

the investors of a non-Party owns or controls the enterprise; and

(b)

the denying Party adopts or maintains a measures with respect to the non-Party

that:

(i)

are related to the maintenance of international peace and security; and

For the purposes if this paragraph, a “contractual written commitment” means an agreement in writing, entered

into by a Party, itself or through any entity mentioned in Article X [Definition of 'measures adopted or

maintained by a Party’]

, with an investor or a covered investment, whether in a single instrument or multiple

instruments, that creates an exchange of rights and obligations, binding on both Parties”.

EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 8 of 39

(j)

prohibit transactions with the enterprise or would be violated or

circumvented if the benefits of this Chapter were accorded to the

enterprise or to its investments.

NOTE:

Additional provisions, e.g. Territorial application, Taxation, Security Exceptions,

Termination or Relation to other Agreements will be inserted in the general/horizontal part of

the Agreement and will apply to this Section.

EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 9 of 39

NNEX

I: Expropriation

The Parties confirm their shared understanding that:

1. Expropriation may be either direct or indirect:

(a) direct expropriation occurs when an investment is nationalised or otherwise directly

expropriated through formal transfer of title or outright seizure.

(b) indirect expropriation occurs where a measure or series of measures by a Party has an

effect equivalent to direct expropriation, in that it substantially deprives the investor

of the fundamental attributes of property in its investment, including the right to use,

enjoy and dispose of its investment, without formal transfer of title or outright seizure.

2. The determination of whether a measure or series of measures by a Party, in a specific fact

situation, constitutes an indirect expropriation requires a case-by-case, fact-based inquiry

that considers, among other factors:

(a) the economic impact of the measure or series of measures, although the sole fact that

a measure or series of measures of a Party has an adverse effect on the economic

value of an investment does not establish that an indirect expropriation has occurred;

(b) the duration of the measure or series of measures by a Party;

3. For greater certainty, except in the rare circumstance when the impact of a measure or

series of measures is so severe in light of its purpose that it appears manifestly excessive,

non-discriminatory measures of a Party that are designed and applied to protect legitimate

policy objectives, such as the protection of public health, safety, environment or public

morals, social or consumer protection or promotion and protection of cultural diversity do

not constitute indirect expropriations.

NNEX

II: Public debt

1. No claim that a restructuring of debt of a Party breaches an obligation under Section 2

[Investment Protection] may be submitted to, or if already submitted, be pursued under

Section 3 [Resolution of Investment Disputes and Investment Court System] if the

restructuring is a negotiated restructuring at the time of submission, or becomes a

negotiated restructuring after such submission.

2. Notwithstanding [Article 6 Submission of a Claim, Section on Resolution of Investment

Disputes and Investment Court System], and subject to paragraph 1 of this Annex, an

investor may not submit a claim under Section 3 [Resolution of Investment Disputes and

Investment Court System] that a restructuring of debt of a Party breaches Articles X

[National Treatment] or X [Most-Favoured Nation] of Section 1 [Liberalisation of

Investments]

or an obligation under Section 2 [Investment Protection], unless 270 days

For greater certainty, a breach of the Article [National Treatment] or Article [Most-Favoured Nation] does not

occur merely by virtue of a different treatment provided by a Party to certain categories of investors or

investments on grounds of a different macroeconomic impact, for instance to avoid systemic risks or spillover

effects, or on grounds of eligibility for debt restructuring.

EU-US TTIP Negotiations

Page 10 of 39

have elapsed from the date of submission by the claimant of the written request for

consultations pursuant to [Article 4 Consultations].

3. For the purposes of this Annex:

‘negotiated restructuring’ means the restructuring or rescheduling of debt

of a Party that

has been effected through (i) a modification or amendment of debt instruments, as

provided for under their terms, including their governing law, or (ii) a debt exchange or

other similar process in which the holders of no less than 66% of the aggregate principal

amount of the outstanding debt subject to restructuring, excluding debt held by that Party

or by entities owned or controlled by it, have consented to such debt exchange or other

process.

- "governing law" of a debt instrument means a country's legal and regulatory framework

applicable to that debt instrument.

4. For greater certainty,

“

debt of a Party

” includes, in the case of the European Union,

debt of

a government of a Member State at the central, regional or local level.

NNEX

III: Competent authorities mentioned in article 2 paragraph 4

In the case of the EU, the competent authorities entitled to order the actions mentioned in

article 2 paragraph 4 are the European Commission or a court or tribunal of a Member State

when applying EU law on state aid.

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