pdf first page to image c#: Change font in pdf form Library control class asp.net web page windows ajax Artigo-estrategico-10-Child-Protection-42-part1488

IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIc PAPER 10 | NOVEMBER 2014

Type

Table 2 - continuation

Public health

Violence prevention

and peace-building

The humanitarian

community

public Health refers to

the safety and wellbeing

of entire populations.

Drawing on a multi-

disciplinary science

base, public health

professionals strive

to provide services

that benefit the largest

number of people.

Violence is treated as

a preventable public

health problem.

experts on peace

building, state building

and security and armed

violence prevention and

reduction, appreciating

role of ICT to achieve

its goals.

The international

humanitarian

community works to

save lives, alleviate

suffering, and maintain

human dignity during

and after a crisis.

a broad appreciation

of the role of ICT (e.g.

mHealth) whilst its

application for violence

prevention is very

new (e.g. m Violence

prevention)

More focused on

youth than children,

this sector tends to

centeron community

violence (rather than

child maltreatment in

the home or school)

Apply ICT for quick

transmission of data

and information even in

destitute and unstable

conditions, particularly

for the protection of

children.

There’s an absence

of solid public health

examples on the use of

ICT for VaC prevention

in the global South.

Child Security Index in

Brazil.

Rapid fTR for family

reunification; KoBo

Toolbox.

area

focus

examples

See http://www.rapidftr.com and http://www.kobotoolbox.org.

See http://pt.igarape.org.br/child-security-index/.

See more on the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC): http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf.

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22 DIGITALLY ENHANCED CHILD PROTECTION: How new technology can prevent violence against children in the Global South

Child Protection

Child protection experts are working for governmental or non-governmental institutions that prevent and

respond child abuse and neglect, and more broadly support family stability and the realization of children’s

rights.

While considerable creativity and technical expertise is being fostered and funded by child protection

agencies, it is essential to understand that, within this sector, ICT is very much regarded as double-edged.

Many of these same experts are deeply concerned about the risks generated by ICTs, be they cyber-bullying,

online grooming, child pornography, or the sharing of violent YouTube videos and games. There is considerable

confusion concerning new forms of communication, how to define them and the long-term implications for

children. for example, “sexting” can refer to impulsive and harmless actions by youthful romantic partners

but also to serious crimes that involve extortion and deliberate humiliation. Most recently, GpS trackers and

mobile phone spyware is being used to stalk, harass and threaten women, as a new form of domestic abuse,

with impacts on their children.

The media tends to focus on unusual and extreme forms of violence and abuse, increasing anxiety that is not

necessarily warranted. In fact, child protection experts are also the first to admit that the Internet and mobile

phones are useful tools to reach out to children, spread messages, and shed light on abuses often kept hidden

from view.

Given the complexities, the United Nations Special Representative on Violence against Children

has called for the recognition of both challenges and opportunities associated with ICT

and others call for a

new “global agenda for children’s rights in the digital age” along with further research to ensure that policy is

driven by knowledge rather than fear.

for its part, UNICef combines the provision of guidance on how to protect children from new risks with

research and innovation on how to employ new technology for children’s benefit. The agency published a

report entitled Child Safety Online that examines the links between child abuse and ICT and suggests several

ways to build a protective environment for children. at the same time, the agency has designed and applied the

award-winning RapidSMS mobile tool, established a special website to encourage dialogue around ICTs, and

launched a Child friendly Technology framework to help practitioners design appropriate technology projects.

100

See more on the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC): http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf.

See http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/spywares-role-in-domestic-violence-20140321-358sj.html.

See Kane and Portin(2007).

See SRSG (2012).

Livingstone and Bulger(2012) and Finkelhor(2011).

100

See http://unicefinnovation.org/ and UNICEF (2013, 2011a, and 2011b).

Importantly, child protection agencies

are linking up with telecommunications

companies to achieve their goals. In 2014,

for example, the Telenor Group and UNICef

signed a five-year agreement to support

the development of a range of mobile

technology solutions that will help advance

If they have the means, children will ask for help when they are in danger.

Photo: Irinas Creative Photo - iStock

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IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIc PAPER 10 | NOVEMBER 2014

social Development

There is already considerable awareness and appetite for the application of new technologies to improve

livelihoods and sustainable development. The term ICD4Dand ICT4peace are terms frequently applied with

reference to the application of information and communication technologies for development and peace

building. and more recently we are seeing the offshoot ICT4Kids, reflecting an appreciation for the need for

ICT for child-friendly development. International non-governmental organizations, such as Save the Children

and plan International as well as UNICef are gathering substantial expertise in the application of ICT for social

development and child protection.

104

The links between urban poverty reduction and violence prevention is an increasing focus among social

development experts.

105

according to the UN population fund, UNICef and other agencies, half the world’s

people – including over one billion children – already live in cities and towns. By 2030 it is projected that the

majority of the world’s children will grow up in urban areas (especially in the South), yet infrastructure and

services are not keeping pace with population growth, thereby putting the most vulnerable populations at risk

of violence, exploitation, disease and disasters.

106

In poor, urban areas, girls and women may face different challenges to men and boys, are often are high

risk of sexual abuse.

107

although reported cases reflect only a fraction of actual occurrences, official data

from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 2012 show that compared to 2011, there was a sharp 24 per cent increase

in cases of estupro (crimes which include rape and other violence) reported to the police. In response, UN

Women, UNICef and UN-Habitat launched an online website which also works as a smartphone app that

brings together information on support services for women and girls who are survivors of violence.

108

101

See http://origin-www.unicef.org/media/media_72675.html.

102

See for example the Turkish website http://www.cocukhaklariizleme.org/harita/. This “Child Rights Monitoring and Reporting Website”,

established in 2007 with support from the European Union, provides information on all aspects of children’s rights in Turkey through media reports,

literature and good practices.

103

Blogs are often created informally by experts: Linda Raftree’s (www.lindaraftree.com) is a core resource on the use of ICT for community

development, including the prevention of VAC.

104

See Bazan(2011), Beardon (2010), Hallow et al (2012), and UNICEF (2013).

105

See for example Beardon (2010), Muggah (2012), Muggah and Diniz (2013), and UNICEF (2013). Also, an event co-hosted by UNICEF and ICT

Works at the Technology Salon in New York, offered a space in 2012 to discuss some of the key challenges and good practice related to working

with children, youth and urban communities, and explored the potential role of ICTs in addressing issues around urban poverty. See: http://us1.

campaign-archive1.com/?u=e4459b3b23139d81a6c335119&id=e64953b8c9.

106

See UNICEF (2012a) and Plan International (2010).

107

See Plan International (2010) for a good overview of the issues.

108

See http://www.unwomen.org/ca/news/stories/2013/6/rio-de-janeiro-apps-to-end-violence-in-favelas#edn1.

children’s rights.

101

Government and non-governmental agencies are modernizing and digitizing their way of

working, be it creating online platforms for violence reporting and information sharing

102

, or promoting their

agendas through child-friendly websites, facebook profiles, blogs or twitter, thereby enabling them to reach

out the broader community to spread the word and expand their advocacy.

103

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24 DIGITALLY ENHANCED CHILD PROTECTION: How new technology can prevent violence against children in the Global South

and while urban povertyand urban violencehave long been topics of study, there is a relative silence in relation

to the interaction between them, especially the effectiveness of interventions designed to mitigate and reduce

insecurity in medium- and lower-income cities.

109

particularly poorly understood is the use of ICT to make

cities safer for children, even the very young, although we can expect positivelessons from Brazil (Rio de

Janeiro) and Kenya (Kibera) to trigger debate and innovation, so urgently needed on this issue.

110

109

See Muggah (2012) for a comprehensive review.

110

See UNICEF and ICT Works co-hosted an even at the Technology Salon in 2012. The event raised a lot of questions around ethics, accountability

and participation: http://us1.campaign-archive1.com/?u=e4459b3b23139d81a6c335119&id=e64953b8c9.

111

See Muggah and Meier (2013).

112

See http://crisiscommons.org.

113

See Muggah(2013), Muggah and Meier (2012), Muggah and Giannini (2014).

114

See Hallow et al (2012).

115

See http://irevolution.net/2013/10/01/aidr-artificial-intelligence-for-disaster-response/.

116

See http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/oct/08/social-media-microtasking-disaster-

response?CMP=twt_gu.

117

The Harvard Humanitarian Intiiative is developing Kobo Toolbox’s newest version in collaboration with the United Nations Office for the

Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Rescue Committee is designed for crisis situations. See http://www.kobotoolbox.org/

updates/2013/11/new-kobotoolbox-will-target-humanitarian-disasters.

The Humanitarian Community

even more innovation in the deployment of technology solutions is emerging from the humanitarian space.

people working on the ground during emergencies or conflicts are increasingly turning to ICTs to provide aid

and help rebuild families and communities. Basic mobile phones are playing a strategic role in the delivery of

rapid, cost-effective, scalable humanitarian assistance, because even the poorest and most destitute people

often have some form of access to mobile phones.

No longer is relief work the preserve of a select few heavyweight agencies. Rather, virtual networks of tech-

savvy volunteers are speedily mobilizing data in the wake of crises to connect survivors with services.

111

Crisis

Commons, for example, is an online community that seeks to advance and support the use of open data and

volunteer technology communities to catalyze innovation in crisis management and global development.

112

andnew collaborations are emerging. In aceh and Haiti aid agencies are teaming up with telecommunications

operators to distribute mass messages and channel remittances to at-risk groups during times of emergency.

113

Now Save the Children is joining forces with Vodafone to develop cash transfer systems using mobile phone

technology.

114

There are many types of new initiatives, largely focused on the quick transfer of information or cash. New

social media platforms like aIDR

115

and MicroMappers

116

are designed to manage information surges during

disasters and better support relief operations on the ground. Meanwhile the forthcoming version KoBo Toolbox

117

created by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative is tailored to emergencies by being able to work offline in a

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IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIc PAPER 10 | NOVEMBER 2014

118

http://www.rapidftr.com.

119

See Hallow et al (2013) and UNICEF (2011a).

120

See CureViolence: http://cureviolence.org. See Dahlberg and Krug (2002) for more on the public health approach.

121

See Greenspun and Coughlin (2012). Also The MIT Media Lab just launched a wellness initiative designed to spark innovation in the area of

health and wellbeing, and to promote healthier workplace and lifestyle behaviors. Interesting work has also been done on Sexually Transmitted

Diseases in this regard.

122

OPENpediatrics is an example of a web-based digital learning platform designed for physicians and nurses who care for critically ill children

worldwide, offering peer-to-peer interactivity and guided learning through video and multimedia. See http://openpediatrics.org.

123

Although some examples of cross-border transfers were noted such as Text4baby (US) now being rolled out in Russia. See IOM and NRC

(2013).

124

See http://yth.org/.

remote field setting as well as online with multiple users in different locations. Noted above, the RapidfTR

mobile app relies on the sharing of photographs to reunite children with their families, such a common tragedy

during natural disasters or armed conflict.

118

and new digitized cash transfer mechanisms are widely deployed

to give survivors easier access to credit.

119

even recharging batteries is places with poor electricity is now

becoming possible through solar power and portable energy sources, thereby amping up the potential of

mobile technology in emergencies.

Public Health

The purpose of public health is to improve the safety and wellbeing of entire populations. Violence negatively

affects the health of victims as well as those who witness violence, it acts like an epidemic disease, and it

can be effectively prevented using health methods.

120

for this reason the public health approach to violence

prevention focuses heavily on addressing underlying risk factors, including lack of parent–child attachment,

family breakdown, the abuse of alcohol or drugs, and access to firearms.

The use of ICT is hardly new to public health. In factm Health has long been around, referring to “mobile

health” or the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. examples include virtual

home visits, remote care and monitoring of chronic diseases, as well as educational apps to engage the public

in wellness and prevention

121

or digital learning for medical professionals.

122

The term mpreventViolence emerged in 2011 after the name

of a landmark workshop hosted by the Institute of Medicine in

Washington December 2012. It featured interesting case studies

from the high-income countries highlighting successes in adding

mobile components to parenting projects and the analysis of big

data to detect risks and patterns of suicide. Unfortunately the

workshop also revealed an absence of rigorous assessments

from the South.

123

The youth health tech (YTH) project from

the US is an example of how the advancement of technologies

is being promoted to help young people access reliable

information, have their voices heard and live lives without

shame or fear. With a strong focus on violence prevention, there

is great potential for global replication of YTH.

124

Special interfaces and grafic designs that

appeal to children can be used to facilitate

the use of ICT for their protection.

Photo: Ben Lucier

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26 DIGITALLY ENHANCED CHILD PROTECTION: How new technology can prevent violence against children in the Global South

Violence Prevention and Peace Building

Within the field of violence prevention and peace building, there is a strong appreciation of the recent advances

in geographic information systems, website development and ICT for monitoring and mapping of population

dispersals, troop movements, and mass violence patterns.

125

examples of these new virtual mechanisms

for collaborative conflict prevention and digital witnessing include satellite maps, big data scraping systems,

crowd mapping, as well as social media, blogs, wikis, and citizen journalism.

126

Local peace builders are using these tools to bring new voices to the public domain. In the Congo, War Child UK

is linking together a child helpline, an SMS reporting system and a digital map to show in real time where the

worst cases of rape cases are happening.

127

In Lebanon, Search for Common Ground ran a video competition

that asked Lebanese youth to ‘Shoot [their] Identity’.

128

Videos showcasing a diversity of experiences were

posted online, with a prize awarded to the best video.

In Brazil, young radio reporters run “good news stories” with the aim to unite youngsters living in different

communities in the city of Recife where gang violence is rife.

129

In Rio de Janeiro, the Igarapé Institute’s Child

Security Index is mobile app deliberately designed for rapid assessments in unstable settings, enabling the

quick collection and visualization of the views of children themselves, as young as 8 years old, on security

and safety in their day-to-day lives.

130

The fact is that working with children in high-violence areas brings specific challenges.Indeed, the tools

frequently deployed to undertake assessments are blunt. For instance, household survey-based attempts to

gather data on children in conflict and fragile settings regularly fail to capture the situation of children not living

with their families. Children are often separated from their families either as refugees, displaced, disappeared,

or in the ranks of armies and insurgency groups. What is more, these children register specific vulnerabilities

that require careful, and ethically grounded, attention.

131

125

A thorough review commissioned by the Department for International Development (UK) explores the application of full range of ICT-based

mechanisms to monitor and evaluate, including measure and disseminate, results of peacebuilding programs (Corlazzoli 2014). Also see Larrauri

(2014) and Muggah (2014).

126

The ICT4Peace Foundation catalogues existing ICT tools and mechanisms geared towards conflict early warning, mitigation, transformation

and post-conflict recovery – see their wiki. Also the 2015 Build Peace conference will continue the exploration of how technology is resulting in the

creation of alternative intrastructures for peace. See http://howtobuildpeace.org/blog/jenwelch1/.

127

See War Child UK’s video about the project here: http://youtu.be/RZdimyy0Bw8. Similar sexual violence mapping is happening in other conflict-

affected areas, such as Syria where, Women under Siege are using the crowd-mapping initiative by Ushahidi to collect the personal experiences and

secondhand reports of the sexualized violence against women and girls http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/ and http://www.ushahidi.com/

blog/2012/07/18/women-under-siege-mapping-sexualized-violence-in-syria/.

128

See https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9jx1l-zkrhCn0IcGULFEk1XkNGwCqR__.

129

For more on the Favela News project in Recife see Shaw (2007), da Silva and Shaw (2011) and Shine a Light (2011) and its website http://

www.favelanews.org.

130

See http://pt.igarape.org.br/child-security-index/.

131

See Moestue and Muggah (2012).

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IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIc PAPER 10 | NOVEMBER 2014

Next steps

New technologies, when used strategically and appropriately, can promote the principles of inclusion,

empowerment and participation of children and youth. They can amplify their and others efforts to prevent

violence against children, including in poor and unstable settings. alongside helplines and digitalized protection

systems which serve important and functional purposes are also new digital research tools, online citizen

reporting and crowd mapping.

By breaking down traditional barriers to violence reporting and evidence generation, ICTs can contribute to the

achievement of the six steps put forward by UNICef to prevent and respond to the problem:

133

1. Implementing laws and policies that protect children. Specifically, investments in appropriate

policies and legislation, along with institutional codes of conduct. Tech-driven information sharing is

speeding up communication and expanding the scale and impact of anti-violence campaigns.

2. Carrying out data collection and research. effective advocacy and programming are grounded

in solid evidence. Big data analysis, digital research tools and citizen reporting and crowd mapping,

are all means to which new data are being generated and visualized in increasingly innovating and

sophisticated ways.

3. supporting parents, caregivers and families. providing parents with child-rearing strategies and

techniques, as well as economic support, can help mitigate children’s risk of physical abuse. Educational

apps, online help and discussion forums, helplines, virtual home visits and remote monitoring of at-risk

families, are all ways in which ICTs can promote positive and non-violent parenting.

4. Helping children and adolescents manage risks and challenges. Poverty and inequality, difficulties

in school, low self-esteem and self-discipline, and lack of information on where to get help can increase

a child’s vulnerability to violence. Helplines, online information and discussion, coupled with the near

universal access to mobile phones, provides new ways in which children and youth can seek help and

advice on any issue, even taboo subjects such as sexual abuse.

132

A Governments and non-state groups are also reliant on communications to coordinate and monitor potential targets. Security forces, rebel

groups and militia can and do intercept messages (Muggah 2014)

133

See UNICEF (2014a).

Technology is therefore not the panacea. There are a range of inherent tensions and ethical dilemmas that come

with the use of new technologies in fragile, poor or conflict-affected settings. for example, new technologies

can themselves be used to perpetrate organized violence. Researchers have already found that mobile phone

coverage can generate negative externalities, including facilitating violent collective action, underlining the

importance of encryption and anonymity in today’s war zones.

132

28 DIGITALLY ENHANCED CHILD PROTECTION: How new technology can prevent violence against children in the Global South

5. Changing attitudes and social norms that encourage violence and discrimination. Deeply

engrained attitudes and social norms can shift through school and community programs that engage

influential, trusted individuals as agents of change, complemented with evidence-based mass media

and social mobilization campaigns. ICT can empower children and youth to have their voices heard,

and engage in local to global campaigns to change attitudes and behavior around abuse, neglect,

prejudice and injustices.

6. Providing and promoting support services for children. Services include counseling; information

and referrals for other protection services offered through the police, doctors, social welfare workers

and assistance. Helplines, websites, and mobile maps and apps can refer children to nearest services,

and even enable denouncements and reporting of harm at these services.

This Strategic paper demonstrates that different sectors and disciplines are starting to adopt and apply similar

ICT tools to prevent VaC. There is some evidence of their being tried and tested (albeit at relatively small

scale) across the americas, africa and asia. However, to generate impact at scale and be sustainable, these

initiatives demand more resources, robust evaluation, and extensive communication of success (and failure).

Whilst technology will never fully resolve the problem of violence against children, ICTs are already going a

long way to changing how society conceives and engages the problem.

IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIc PAPER 10 | NOVEMBER 2014

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