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Atari ST workshop 2
1/37
Atari ST knowhow
Workshop 2:
Hardware and software hacks
Note that the original presentation uses special effects
which are not rendered in this PDF.
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Atari ST workshop 2
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What Hardware?
ROM
RAM
keyboard
MIDI
MFP
CPU
Glue
MMU
shifter
FDC
DMA
YM2149
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Atari ST workshop 2
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Add RAM, RTC, HD, VIDEO...
Atari ST workshop 2
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Software hacks?
Need to know:
●
CPU
●
Memory layout
●
Video modes
●
Peripheral registers
Atari ST workshop 2
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The CPU
●
MC68000 @ 8Mhz
●
Orthogonal?
56 instructions / 14 address modes / 16 registers
almost combinable each with each one
●
Attention: big-endian (i.e. not Intel)
●
32 bit (but 16 bit bus)
●
User mode / system mode
Atari ST workshop 2
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68000 assembly
Instructions
●
Bcc, BRA, BSR, RTS, JMP, DBcc
●
MOVE, MOVEQ MOVEM, MOVEP
●
ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV
●
AND, OR, EOR, NOT
●
ASL, LSL, ROL, ROXL
●
BTST, BSET, BCLR, BCHG
●
SWAP, *BCD
●
* SR, TRAP, TAS
●
And many more....
Address modes
●
Dn
●
An
●
(An)
●
(An)+
●
-(An)
●
x(An)
●
x(An,Dn)
●
xxx.W
●
xxx.L
●
x(PC)
●
x(PC,Dn)
●
#xxx
●
SR
Atari ST workshop 2
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Memory layout & privileges
00 0000   | ROM            |   Reset:  Supervisor Stack Pointer
00 0004   | ROM            |   Reset:  Program Counter
00 0008   | RAM            |   0 Kbyte RAM
00 0800   | RAM            |   2 Kbyte RAM             (start of user ram)
08 0000   | RAM            |   512 Kbyte RAM
10 0000   | RAM            |   1 Mbyte RAM
----------------
fa 0000   | ROM            |   320 Kbyte ROM
----------------
----------------
fc 0000   | ROM            |   Reset:  Supervisor Stack Pointer
fc 0004   | ROM            |   Reset:  Program Counter
fc 0008   | ROM            |   192 Kbyte ROM
fe ffff   | ROM            |   0 Kbyte ROM
----------------
----------------
ff 8000   | I/O            |   Configuration Registers
ff 8200   | I/O            |   Display Registers
ff 8400   | I/O            |   Reserved
ff 8600   | I/O            |   DMA/Disk Registers
ff 8800   | I/O            |   Sound Registers
----------------
----------------
ff fa00   | I/O            |   MC68xxx Registers
ff fc00   | I/O            |   MC68xx Registers
----------------
Supervisor mode
User mode
http://www.atari-forum.com/viewtopic.php?f=68&t=10137#p79672
Gemdos 32: Super(long stack)
pea stack
move.w #$20,-sp
trap #1
Xbios 38: Supexec(long codeptr)
pea codeptr
move.w #$26,-(sp)
trap #14
addq.l #6,sp
and     #$fff,SR
Gemdos 32: Super(long stack)
pea stack
move.w #$20,-sp
trap #1
Gemdos 32: Super(long stack)
pea stack
move.w #$20,-sp
trap #1
Gemdos 32: Super(long stack)
pea stack
move.w #$20,-sp
trap #1
Atari ST workshop 2
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Video chip
●
Nice mix between shifter MMU and Glue
●
Restriction: the screen base address has the low 
byte always $00, i.e. only 256 byte frontier
●
Restriction: changing base address only has effect 
on next frame
●
No direct colors on screen, but indexes into 16 
colors palette
●
Changing color value has immediate effect
●
Think GIF but 16 instead of 256 colors
Atari ST workshop 2
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VIDEO memory
Word interleaved with color lookup table
Memory layout
320x200x4=256000bit=32000 bytes
Grafic bitplanes
1
st
pixel is composed of
high order bits from words 0-3
(that's not GIF anymore)
word 1
word 2
word 3
word 4
word 5
word 6
word 7
word 0
Atari ST workshop 2
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Colorcycling / screen changing
●
Uses no CPU
●
Uses no additional RAM
●
Very basic step animation 
up to 16 frames
=> neochrome pictures
●
512K RAM allows
16 different pictures
●
1MB has 32 steps
●
Complex animations
=> shiny bubbles demo 
Both can be combined
=> pandemonium acid screen
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