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Using Built-In String Functions

Creating Strings: The Space and String Functions

VBA provides two functions that make it easy for you to create specific strings.

The Space function lets you create a string consisting only of spaces; you indicate

the number of spaces, and VBA does the rest. The general syntax looks like this:

strOut

= Space(

lngSpaces

)

Although this function has many uses, we’ve used it most often in two particu-

lar situations:

•

Creating string buffers when calling external DLLs (the Windows API, in

particular)

•

Padding strings so they’re left or right justified within a buffer of a particu-

lar size

You can use an expression like this to create a 10-character string of spaces:

strTemp = Space(10)

If you need more flexibility, you can use the String function to create a string of

any number of a specified character. For this function, you specify the number of

characters you need and the specific character or ANSI value to repeat:

strOut = String(lngChars, strCharToRepeat)

' or

strOut = String(lngChars, intCharToRepeat)

For example, either of the following fragments will return a string containing 10

occurrences of the letter a. (The ANSI value for a is 97.)

strOut = String(10, "a")

strOut = String(10, 97)

Although you’re unlikely to need this particular string, the following code frag-

ment creates a string consisting of one A, two Bs, three Cs, and so on.

Dim intI As Integer

Dim strOut As String

For intI = 1 To 26

strOut = strOut & String(intI, Asc("A") + intI - 1)

Next intI

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Chapter 1 1 • Manipulating Strings

Calculating the Length of a String

Simple yet crucial, the Len function allows you to determine the length of any string

or string expression. To use the function, pass it a string or string expression:

lngCharCount = Len(strIn)

Certainly, you’ll often need to find the length of a string expression. But the Len

function also has an extra benefit: It’s fast! VBA stores strings with a long integer

preceding the string that contains the length of the string. It’s very simple for VBA

to retrieve that information at runtime. For example, what if you need to know

whether a particular string currently contains no characters? Many programmers

write code like this to check for an empty string:

If strTemp = "" Then

' You know strTemp is empty

End If

Because VBA can calculate string lengths so quickly, you’re better off using code

like this to find out if a string is empty:

If Len(strTemp) = 0 Then

' You know strTemp is empty

End if

Performing one non-optimized comparison isn’t going to make any difference in

the speed of your application, but if you check for empty strings often, consider

using the Len function instead.

Formatting Data

VBA allows you to format the output display of a string using placeholders that rep-

resent single characters from the input string. In addition, you can use the Format

function to convert an input string to upper- or lowercase. The placeholders and

conversion characters shown in Table 1.4 allow you to reformat an input string.

For example, if strTemp contains the string “8364928”, the following fragment

returns “( )836-4928”:

strOut = Format("8364928", "(@@@)&&&-&&&&")

This fragment returns “()836-4928”:

strOut = Format("8364928", "(&&&)&&&-&&&&")

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Using Built-In String Functions

In addition, the Format function allows you to format normal strings one way

and empty or null strings another. Every character following the symbol will be

converted. For example, you may want to indicate an empty value differently

from a value with data. To do this, use two sections in the placeholder string sepa-

rated with a semicolon (;). The first section will apply to non-empty strings, and

the second will apply to empty strings. That is, the following statement places a

formatted phone number into strOut if strIn contains a non-empty string, or it

places “No phone” into strOut if strIn is an empty string or Null:

strOut = Format(strIn, "(@@@)&&&-&&&&;No phone")

To convert text to upper- or lowercase as it’s formatted, add the > or < character

to the format string. (It doesn’t matter where you place the > or < character within

the string. If it’s in there, VBA formats the string correctly.) Every character fol-

lowing the symbol will be converted. For example, the following fragment con-

verts the input text to uppercase and inserts a space between letters:

Format("hello there", ">@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @")

Although it’s beyond the scope of this chapter, the Format function can also

provide user-defined formatting for dates and numeric values. Check out Chapter 2

for more information on using Format with date values.

VBA also supplies two simple functions, UCase and LCase, that you can use to

convert your functions to upper- and lowercase. Pass the function the string you

TA BLE 1.4:

Placeholders and Conversion Characters for the Format Function

Character

Description

Character placeholder for a character or a space. If the input string has a character in

the position where the At symbol (@) appears in the format string, display it; otherwise,

display a space in that position.

Character placeholder for a character or nothing. If the input string has a character in

the position where the ampersand (&) appears, display it; otherwise, display nothing.

Displays all characters in lowercase format.

Displays all characters in uppercase format.

Forces left to right fill of placeholders. The default is to fill placeholders from right to

left. The character can be placed anywhere in the format string.

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Chapter 1 1 • Manipulating Strings

want converted, and its output will be the converted string. The following example

places the word “HELLO” into strOut:

strOut = UCase("hello")

This chapter presents three ways to convert text to upper- or lowercase: the UCase/

LCase functions, the > and < characters in the Format function, and the

vbUpperCase and vbLowerCase constants with the StrConv function. Use the technique

that’s most comfortable for you.

Because using the Format function can be overkill in some circumstances, VBA

also supplies simpler, special-case functions for situations when you simply need

to format a date, a number, or a percent.

FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, FormatPercent

The FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, and FormatPercent functions each accept a

numeric expression and optional parameters that specify how you want the out-

put value to be formatted. The obvious differences between the functions are that

the FormatCurrency function formats its output as currency, while the other two

functions simply format their output as a numeric value. FormatPercent also mul-

tiplies its result by 100 and tacks on a percent (%) sign. However, no matter what

choices you make, the output value from all of these functions is always a string.

Table 1.5 lists the parameters for the FormatCurrency, FormatNumber, and For-

matPercent functions. (All display options other than those shown in Table 1.5 are

controlled by the Windows regional settings.) These parameters make it simple to

format currency, numeric, and percent values.

Several of these functions include parameters that would appear to be Boolean

values (True or False) but, in fact, support three values: True, False, or Use Default.

That is, you can set these options to be either True or False specifically, or you can

use the default value specified in the Windows regional settings. To make it easier

for you to specify which of these three values you’d like to use, VBA provides an

enumerated type, vbTriState. All functions that can accept one of these three

values allow you to choose from the constants vbTrue (–1), vbFalse (0), or

vbUseDefault (–2).

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Using Built-In String Functions

None of these functions does much that the more generic Format function can’t.

But they’re a lot simpler to use (no character masks to memorize). Figure 1.1

shows a session in the Immediate window, trying out various parameters for the

FormatCurrency and FormatPercent functions. (FormatNumber would return

similar results, but without the currency symbol.)

FIGU RE 1.1

You can use the Immediate

window to test out the

FormatCurrency and

FormatPercent functions.

TA BLE 1.5:

Formatting Function Parameters

Parameter

Required/

Optional

Data Type

Default

Description

Expression

Required

Numeric

Numeric value to be formatted.

NumDigitsAfterDecimal

Optional

Numeric

–1 (Use regional

settings.)

Number of places after the decimal

to be displayed. Use –1 to force

regional settings.

IncludeLeadingDigit

Optional

vbTriState

vbUseDefault

Display leading 0 for fractional

values?

UseParensForNegativeNumbers

Optional

vbTriState

vbUseDefault

Display parentheses around

negative numbers?

GroupDigits

Optional

vbTriState

vbUseDefault

Group digits. In the United States,

this means to group every three

digits from the right with a comma

separator to indicate groupings of

thousands?

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Chapter 1 1 • Manipulating Strings

FormatDateTime

The FormatDateTime provides a simple-to-use, but very limited, technique for

formatting dates and times. It lacks the flexibility and power of the built-in Format

function, but it is quite simple to use. It accepts a date/time value and, optionally,

a formatting specifier, and returns a string formatted as a date and/or time. Table 1.6

lists the parameters for the FormatDateTime function. Table 1.7 lists all the possible

date formatting constants. Choose from these values when formatting a date.

Figure 1.2 shows a short debugging session, demonstrating the range of format-

ting possibilities with the FormatDateTime function.

TA BLE 1.6:

Parameters for the FormatDateTime Function

Parameter

Required/

Optional

Data Type

Default

Description

Expression

Required

Numeric

Numeric value to

be formatted

NamedFormat

Optional

Numeric

vbGeneralDate (0)

Named format,

selected from the

values shown in

Table 1.7,

indicating how

you want the

date formatted

TA BLE 1.7:

Date Formatting Constants

Constant

Value

Description

vbGeneralDate

Return date and/or time. If there is a date part, include a

short date. If there is a time part, include a long time.

Include both date and time parts if both are available.

vbLongDate

Return a date using the long date format specified by your

computer’s regional settings.

vbShortDate

Return a date using the short date format specified by your

computer’s regional settings.

vbLongTime

Return a time using the time format specified by your

computer’s regional settings.

vbShortTime

Return a time using the 24-hour format (hh:mm).

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Using Built-In String Functions

FIGU RE 1.2

The FormatDateTime

function is simple, but lim-

ited, as you can see from

this debugging session.

MonthName and WeekdayName

Although seemingly simple, these two functions don’t have counterparts in previ-

ous versions of VBA. In VBA 5, if you need to find the name of a month, given its

number, you might resort to writing a function like the MonthName shown here.

(Actually, this is a complete replacement for the VBA 6 function, in case you need

such a function in the previous version of VBA. And yes, you could use a simple

Select Case statement, based on the Month value, but how would you get your

function to work in other languages if you did that?)

Function MonthName(Month As Long, _

Optional Abbreviate As Boolean = False) As String

Dim strFormat As String

If Abbreviate Then

strFormat = "mmm"

Else

strFormat = "mmmm"

End If

MonthName = Format(DateSerial(2000, Month, 1), strFormat)

End Function

But you needn’t write or call this function: VBA 6 includes a built-in MonthName

function. Given a month number and a Boolean value indicating whether you

want to abbreviate the name, MonthName returns the localized month name.

Chapter 1 1 • Manipulating Strings

WeekDayName fills the same need, but instead returns the name of the day of

the week corresponding to a numeric value (1 through 7, or vbSunday through

vbSaturday). The syntax for WeekDayName looks like this:

strName = WeekdayName(weekday, [abbreviate], [firstdayofweek])

where the various parts are

weekday The day of the week, as a number. Normally, 1 corresponds with

Sunday, and 7 corresponds with Saturday, although the firstdayofweek parame-

ter (and the local settings) can alter this behavior.

abbreviate Optional Boolean value that allows you to abbreviate the output

weekday name. The default is False, which means that the weekday name isn’t

abbreviated.

firstdayofweek Optional numeric value indicating the first day of the week.

You can use vbUseSystem (0) to use the system value, or you can specify a par-

ticular day using the constants vbSunday (1) through vbSaturday (7).

Figure 1.3 shows a sample debugging session using these two functions.

FIGU RE 1.3

You can use the Immediate

window to test out Month-

Name and WeekDayName.

Reversing a String

StrReverse returns the string you send it, with the order of the characters reversed.

We’re having a hard time finding a real use for this (except for writing your own

InstrRev function, but that’s built into VBA now, too). Perhaps this is a good use:

Public Function IsPalindrome(strTest As String) As Boolean

' Is strTest a palindrome (the same forwards as backwards)?

IsPalindrome = (StrComp( _

strTest, StrReverse(strTest), vbTextCompare) = 0)

End Function

Using Built-In String Functions

It’s not clear how often you’ll need to know if a given string is the same forward

and backward (that’s what a palindrome is: a string that’s the same in both direc-

tions), but should you ever need to know, this function does the work. For example,

one of the famous palindromes “Madam, I’m Adam” works correctly in IsPalin-

drome, but only if you supply the value correctly. This function call returns True:

? IsPalindrome("madamimadam")

StrReverse does exactly what it was intended to do, for those who need this

functionality.

Justifying a String

VBA provides two statements, LSet and RSet (note that these aren’t functions) that

allow you to justify a string within the space taken up by another. These state-

ments are seldom used in this context but may come in handy. In addition, LSet

gives you powerful flexibility when working with user-defined data types, as

shown later in this section.

LSet and RSet allow you to stuff a new piece of text at either the beginning or the

end of an existing string. The leftover positions are filled with spaces, and any text

in the new string that won’t fit into the old string is truncated.

For example, after running the following fragment, the string strOut1 contains

the string “Hello ” (“Hello” and three trailing spaces) and strOut2 contains

“ Hello” (three leading spaces and then “Hello”).

strOut1 = "ABCDEFG"

strOut2 = "ABCDEFG"

LSet strOut1 = "Hello"

RSet strOut2 = "Hello"

Let’s face it: Most programmers don’t really take much advantage of LSet and

RSet with strings. They’re somewhat confusing, and you can use other string

functions to achieve the same result. However, using LSet with user-defined types

is key to moving data between different variable types and is discussed in the

following paragraphs.

LSet also supplies a second usage: It allows you to overlay data from one user-

defined type with data from another. Although the VBA help file recommends

Chapter 1 1 • Manipulating Strings

against doing this, it’s a powerful technique when you need it. Simply put, LSet

allows you to take all the bytes from one data structure and place them on top of

another, not taking into account how the various pieces of the data structures are

laid out.

Imagine that you’re reading fixed-width data from a text file. That is, each of the

columns in the text file contains a known number of characters. You need to move

the columns into a user-defined data structure, with one field corresponding to

each column in the text file. For this simple example, the text file has columns as

described in the following list.

To work with the data from the text file, you’ve created a user-defined data structure:

Type TextData

FirstName As String * 10

LastName As String * 10

ZipCode As String * 5

End Type

You’ve used the various file-handling functions (see Chapter 5 for class mod-

ules to help work with text files) to retrieve a line of text from the file, and a String

variable named strTemp now contains the following text:

"Peter Mason 90064"

How do you get the various pieces from strTemp into a TextData data structure?

You could parse the characters out using other string-handling functions, but you

needn’t—LSet can do the work for you.

The only limitation of this technique is that you cannot use LSet to move data

between a simple data type and a user-defined data type. It works only with two

simple data elements (the technique shown earlier in this section) and with two

user-defined data types. Attempting to write code like the following will fail:

Dim typText As TextData

' This won't work

LSet typText = strTemp

Column

Name

Width

FirstName

LastName

ZipCode

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