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Manipulating Strings

127

>>> spam[:5]

'Hello'

>>> spam[6:]

'world!'

If you specify an index, you’ll get the character at that position in the

string. If you specify a range from one index to another, the starting index

is included and the ending index is not. That’s why, if spam is

'Hello world!'

spam[0:5]

'Hello'

. The substring you get from

spam[0:5]

will include every-

thing from

spam[0]

spam[4]

, leaving out the space at index 5.

Note that slicing a string does not modify the original string. You can

capture a slice from one variable in a separate variable. Try typing the fol-

lowing into the interactive shell:

>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> fizz = spam[0:5]

>>> fizz

'Hello'

By slicing and storing the resulting substring in another variable, you can

have both the whole string and the substring handy for quick, easy access.

The in and not in Operators with Strings

The

and

not in

operators can be used with strings just like with list values.

An expression with two strings joined using

not in

will evaluate to a

Boolean

True

False

. Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello World'

True

>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello'

True

>>> 'HELLO' in 'Hello World'

False

>>> '' in 'spam'

True

>>> 'cats' not in 'cats and dogs'

False

These expressions test whether the ﬁrst string (the exact string, case

sensitive) can be found within the second string.

useful String methods

Several string methods analyze strings or create transformed string values.

This section describes the methods you’ll be using most often.

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128

Chapter 6

The upper(), lower(), isupper(), and islower() String Methods

The

upper()

and

lower()

string methods return a new string where all the

letters in the original string have been converted to uppercase or lower-

case, respectively. Nonletter characters in the string remain unchanged.

Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> spam = spam.upper()

>>> spam

'HELLO WORLD!'

>>> spam = spam.lower()

>>> spam

'hello world!'

Note that these methods do not change the string itself but return

new string values. If you want to change the original string, you have to

call

upper()

lower()

on the string and then assign the new string to the

variable where the original was stored. This is why you must use

spam =

spam.upper()

to change the string in

spam

instead of simply

spam.upper()

(This is just like if a variable

eggs

contains the value

. Writing

eggs + 3

does not change the value of

eggs

, but

eggs = eggs + 3

does.)

The

upper()

and

lower()

methods are helpful if you need to make a

case-insensitive comparison. The strings

'great'

and

'GREat'

are not equal to

each other. But in the following small program, it does not matter whether

the user types

Great

GREAT

, or

grEAT

, because the string is ﬁrst converted to

lowercase.

print('How are you?')

feeling = input()

if feeling.lower() == 'great':

print('I feel great too.')

else:

print('I hope the rest of your day is good.')

When you run this program, the question is displayed, and entering a

variation on

great

, such as

GREat

, will still give the output

I feel great too

Adding code to your program to handle variations or mistakes in user

input, such as inconsistent capitalization, will make your programs easier

to use and less likely to fail.

How are you?

GREat

I feel great too.

The

isupper()

and

islower()

methods will return a Boolean

True

value

if the string has at least one letter and all the letters are uppercase or

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Manipulating Strings

129

lowercase, respectively. Otherwise, the method returns

False

. Enter the

following into the interactive shell, and notice what each method call

returns:

>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> spam.islower()

False

>>> spam.isupper()

False

>>> 'HELLO'.isupper()

True

>>> 'abc12345'.islower()

True

>>> '12345'.islower()

False

>>> '12345'.isupper()

False

Since the

upper()

and

lower()

string methods themselves return strings,

you can call string methods on those returned string values as well. Expressions

that do this will look like a chain of method calls. Enter the following into the

interactive shell:

>>> 'Hello'.upper()

'HELLO'

>>> 'Hello'.upper().lower()

'hello'

>>> 'Hello'.upper().lower().upper()

'HELLO'

>>> 'HELLO'.lower()

'hello'

>>> 'HELLO'.lower().islower()

True

The isX String Methods

Along with

islower()

and

isupper()

, there are several string methods that

have names beginning with the word is. These methods return a Boolean

value that describes the nature of the string. Here are some common

isX

string methods:

•

isalpha()

returns

True

if the string consists only of letters and is not blank.

•

isalnum()

returns

True

if the string consists only of letters and numbers

and is not blank.

•

isdecimal()

returns

True

if the string consists only of numeric characters

and is not blank.

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130

Chapter 6

•

isspace()

returns

True

if the string consists only of spaces, tabs, and new-

lines and is not blank.

•

istitle()

returns

True

if the string consists only of words that begin with

an uppercase letter followed by only lowercase letters.

Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> 'hello'.isalpha()

True

>>> 'hello123'.isalpha()

False

>>> 'hello123'.isalnum()

True

>>> 'hello'.isalnum()

True

>>> '123'.isdecimal()

True

>>> ' '.isspace()

True

>>> 'This Is Title Case'.istitle()

True

>>> 'This Is Title Case 123'.istitle()

True

>>> 'This Is not Title Case'.istitle()

False

>>> 'This Is NOT Title Case Either'.istitle()

False

The

isX

string methods are helpful when you need to validate user

input. For example, the following program repeatedly asks users for their

age and a password until they provide valid input. Open a new ﬁle editor

window and enter this program, saving it as validateInput.py:

while True:

print('Enter your age:')

age = input()

if age.isdecimal():

break

print('Please enter a number for your age.')

while True:

print('Select a new password (letters and numbers only):')

password = input()

if password.isalnum():

break

print('Passwords can only have letters and numbers.')

In the ﬁrst

while

loop, we ask the user for their age and store their

input in

age

. If

age

is a valid (decimal) value, we break out of this ﬁrst

while

loop and move on to the second, which asks for a password. Otherwise, we

inform the user that they need to enter a number and again ask them to

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Manipulating Strings

131

enter their age. In the second

while

loop, we ask for a password, store the

user’s input in

password

, and break out of the loop if the input was alphanu-

meric. If it wasn’t, we’re not satisﬁed so we tell the user the password needs

to be alphanumeric and again ask them to enter a password.

When run, the program’s output looks like this:

Enter your age:

forty two

Please enter a number for your age.

Enter your age:

Select a new password (letters and numbers only):

secr3t!

Passwords can only have letters and numbers.

Select a new password (letters and numbers only):

secr3t

Calling

isdecimal()

and

isalnum()

on variables, we’re able to test whether

the values stored in those variables are decimal or not, alphanumeric or

not. Here, these tests help us reject the input

forty two

and accept

, and

reject

secr3t!

and accept

secr3t

The startswith() and endswith() String Methods

The

startswith()

and

endswith()

methods return

True

if the string value they

are called on begins or ends (respectively) with the string passed to the

method; otherwise, they return

False

. Enter the following into the inter-

active shell:

>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello')

True

>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('world!')

True

>>> 'abc123'.startswith('abcdef')

False

>>> 'abc123'.endswith('12')

False

>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello world!')

True

>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('Hello world!')

True

These methods are useful alternatives to the

equals operator if you

need to check only whether the ﬁrst or last part of the string, rather than

the whole thing, is equal to another string.

The join() and split() String Methods

The

join()

method is useful when you have a list of strings that need to be

joined together into a single string value. The

join()

method is called on a

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132

Chapter 6

string, gets passed a list of strings, and returns a string. The returned string

is the concatenation of each string in the passed-in list. For example, enter

the following into the interactive shell:

>>> ', '.join(['cats', 'rats', 'bats'])

'cats, rats, bats'

>>> ' '.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])

'My name is Simon'

>>> 'ABC'.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])

'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'

Notice that the string

join()

calls on is inserted between each string

of the list argument. For example, when

join(['cats', 'rats', 'bats'])

called on the

', '

string, the returned string is 'cats, rats, bats'.

Remember that

join()

is called on a string value and is passed a list

value. (It’s easy to accidentally call it the other way around.) The

split()

method does the opposite: It’s called on a string value and returns a list of

strings. Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> 'My name is Simon'.split()

['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']

By default, the string

'My name is Simon'

is split wherever whitespace char-

acters such as the space, tab, or newline characters are found. These white-

space characters are not included in the strings in the returned list. You can

pass a delimiter string to the

split()

method to specify a different string to

split upon. For example, enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> 'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'.split('ABC')

['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']

>>> 'My name is Simon'.split('m')

['My na', 'e is Si', 'on']

A common use of

split()

is to split a multiline string along the newline

characters. Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> spam = '''Dear Alice,

How have you been? I am fine.

There is a container in the fridge

that is labeled "Milk Experiment".

Please do not drink it.

Sincerely,

Bob'''

>>> spam.split('\n')

['Dear Alice,', 'How have you been? I am fine.', 'There is a container in the

fridge', 'that is labeled "Milk Experiment".', '', 'Please do not drink it.',

'Sincerely,', 'Bob']

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Manipulating Strings

133

Passing

split()

the argument

'\n'

lets us split the multiline string stored

spam

along the newlines and return a list in which each item corresponds

to one line of the string.

Justifying Text with rjust(), ljust(), and center()

The

rjust()

and

ljust()

string methods return a padded version of the

string they are called on, with spaces inserted to justify the text. The ﬁrst

argument to both methods is an integer length for the justiﬁed string.

Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(10)

' Hello'

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20)

' Hello'

>>> 'Hello World'.rjust(20)

' Hello World'

>>> 'Hello'.ljust(10)

'Hello '

'Hello'.rjust(10)

says that we want to right-justify

'Hello'

in a string of

total length

'Hello'

is ﬁve characters, so ﬁve spaces will be added to its

left, giving us a string of 10 characters with

'Hello'

justiﬁed right.

An optional second argument to

rjust()

and

ljust()

will specify a ﬁll

character other than a space character. Enter the following into the inter-

active shell:

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20, '*')

'***************Hello'

>>> 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-')

'Hello---------------'

The

center()

string method works like

ljust()

and

rjust()

but centers

the text rather than justifying it to the left or right. Enter the following

into the interactive shell:

>>> 'Hello'.center(20)

' Hello '

>>> 'Hello'.center(20, '=')

'=======Hello========'

These methods are especially useful when you need to print tabular

data that has the correct spacing. Open a new ﬁle editor window and enter

the following code, saving it as picnicTable.py:

def printPicnic(itemsDict, leftWidth, rightWidth):

print('PICNIC ITEMS'.center(leftWidth + rightWidth, '-'))

for k, v in itemsDict.items():

print(k.ljust(leftWidth, '.') + str(v).rjust(rightWidth))

134

Chapter 6

picnicItems = {'sandwiches': 4, 'apples': 12, 'cups': 4, 'cookies': 8000}

printPicnic(picnicItems, 12, 5)

printPicnic(picnicItems, 20, 6)

In this program, we deﬁne a

printPicnic()

method that will take in

a dictionary of information and use

center()

ljust()

, and

rjust()

to dis-

play that information in a neatly aligned table-like format.

The dictionary that we’ll pass to

printPicnic()

picnicItems

. In

picnicItems

, we have 4 sandwiches, 12 apples, 4 cups, and 8000 cookies.

We want to organize this information into two columns, with the name

of the item on the left and the quantity on the right.

To do this, we decide how wide we want the left and right columns

to be. Along with our dictionary, we’ll pass these values to

printPicnic()

takes in a dictionary, a

leftWidth

for the left column of a

table, and a

rightWidth

for the right column. It prints a title,

PICNIC ITEMS

centered above the table. Then, it loops through the dictionary, print-

ing each key-value pair on a line with the key justiﬁed left and padded

by periods, and the value justiﬁed right and padded by spaces.

After deﬁning

printPicnic()

, we deﬁne the dictionary

picnicItems

and

call

printPicnic()

twice, passing it different widths for the left and right

table columns.

When you run this program, the picnic items are displayed twice.

The ﬁrst time the left column is 12 characters wide, and the right column

is 5 characters wide. The second time they are 20 and 6 characters wide,

respectively.

---PICNIC ITEMS--

sandwiches.. 4

apples...... 12

cups........ 4

cookies..... 8000

-------PICNIC ITEMS-------

sandwiches.......... 4

apples.............. 12

cups................ 4

cookies............. 8000

Using

rjust()

ljust()

, and

center()

lets you ensure that strings are

neatly aligned, even if you aren’t sure how many characters long your

strings are.

Removing Whitespace with strip(), rstrip(), and lstrip()

Sometimes you may want to strip off whitespace characters (space, tab,

and newline) from the left side, right side, or both sides of a string. The

strip()

string method will return a new string without any whitespace

Manipulating Strings

135

characters at the beginning or end. The

lstrip()

and

rstrip()

methods

will remove whitespace characters from the left and right ends, respectively.

Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> spam = ' Hello World '

>>> spam.strip()

'Hello World'

>>> spam.lstrip()

'Hello World '

>>> spam.rstrip()

' Hello World'

Optionally, a string argument will specify which characters on the ends

should be stripped. Enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> spam = 'SpamSpamBaconSpamEggsSpamSpam'

>>> spam.strip('ampS')

'BaconSpamEggs'

Passing

strip()

the argument

'ampS'

will tell it to strip occurences of

, and capital

from the ends of the string stored in

spam

. The order of the

characters in the string passed to

strip()

does not matter:

strip('ampS')

will

do the same thing as

strip('mapS')

strip('Spam')

Copying and Pasting Strings with the pyperclip Module

The

pyperclip

module has

copy()

and

paste()

functions that can send text

to and receive text from your computer’s clipboard. Sending the output of

your program to the clipboard will make it easy to paste it to an email, word

processor, or some other software.

Pyperclip does not come with Python. To install it, follow the directions

for installing third-party modules in Appendix A. After installing the

pyperclip

module, enter the following into the interactive shell:

>>> import pyperclip

>>> pyperclip.copy('Hello world!')

>>> pyperclip.paste()

'Hello world!'

Of course, if something outside of your program changes the clipboard

contents, the

paste()

function will return it. For example, if I copied this

sentence to the clipboard and then called

paste()

, it would look like this:

>>> pyperclip.paste()

'For example, if I copied this sentence to the clipboard and then called

paste(), it would look like this:'

136

Chapter 6

Project: Password locker

You probably have accounts on many different websites. It’s a bad habit to

use the same password for each of them because if any of those sites has

a security breach, the hackers will learn the password to all of your other

accounts. It’s best to use password manager software on your computer that

uses one master password to unlock the password manager. Then you can

copy any account password to the clipboard and paste it into the website’s

Password ﬁeld.

The password manager program you’ll create in this example isn’t

secure, but it offers a basic demonstration of how such programs work.

Step 1: Program Design and Data Structures

You want to be able to run this program with a command line argument

that is the account’s name—for instance, email or blog. That account’s

password will be copied to the clipboard so that the user can paste it into

a Password ﬁeld. This way, the user can have long, complicated passwords

without having to memorize them.

Open a new ﬁle editor window and save the program as pw.py. You need

to start the program with a

(shebang) line (see Appendix B) and should

also write a comment that brieﬂy describes the program. Since you want

to associate each account’s name with its password, you can store these as

the ChAPter ProjeCtS

This is the ﬁrst “chapter project” of the book‮ From here on, each chapter will

have projects that demonstrate the concepts covered in the chapter‮ The proj-

ects are written in a style that takes you from a blank ﬁle editor window to a

full, working program‮ Just like with the interactive shell examples, don’t only

read the project sections—follow along on your computer!

runni ng Py thon SCriPtS outSi De o f iDle

So far, you’ve been running your Python scripts using the interactive shell and

ﬁle editor in IDLE‮ However, you won’t want to go through the inconvenience

of opening IDLE and the Python script each time you want to run a script‮

Fortunately, there are shortcuts you can set up to make running Python scripts

easier‮ The steps are slightly different for Windows, OS X, and Linux, but

each is described in Appendix B‮ Turn to Appendix B to learn how to run your

Python scripts conveniently and be able to pass command line arguments to

them‮ (You will not be able to pass command line arguments to your programs

using IDLE‮)

Documents you may be interested

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