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Answers to the Practice Questions

457

docx.Document('demo.docx')

8. A document contains multiple paragraphs. A paragraph begins on a

new line and contains multiple runs. Runs are contiguous groups of

characters within a paragraph.

9. Use

doc.paragraphs

10. A

Run

object has these variables (not a Paragraph).

11.

True

always makes the

Run

object bolded and

False

makes it always not

bolded, no matter what the style’s bold setting is.

None

will make the

Run

object just use the style’s bold setting.

12. Call the

docx.Document()

function.

13.

doc.add_paragraph('Hello there!')

14. The integers

, and

chapter 14

1. In Excel, spreadsheets can have values of data types other than strings;

cells can have different fonts, sizes, or color settings; cells can have

varying widths and heights; adjacent cells can be merged; and you can

embed images and charts.

2. You pass a

File

object, obtained from a call to

open()

File

objects need to be opened in read-binary (

'rb'

) for

Reader

objects

and write-binary (

'wb'

) for

Writer

objects.

4. The

writerow()

method

5. The

delimiter

argument changes the string used to separate cells

in a row. The

lineterminator

argument changes the string used to

separate rows.

json.loads()

json.dumps()

chapter 15

1. A reference moment that many date and time programs use. The

moment is January 1st, 1970, UTC.

time.time()

time.sleep(5)

4. It returns the closest integer to the argument passed. For example,

round(2.4)

returns

5. A

datetime

object represents a speciﬁc moment in time. A

timedelta

object represents a duration of time.

threadObj = threading.Thread(target=spam)

threadObj.start()

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458

Appendix C

8. Make sure that code running in one thread does not read or write the

same variables as code running in another thread.

subprocess.Popen('c:\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe')

chapter 16

1. SMTP and IMAP, respectively

smtplib.SMTP()

smtpObj.ehlo()

smptObj.starttls()

, and

smtpObj.login()

imapclient.IMAPClient()

and

imapObj.login()

4. A list of strings of IMAP keywords, such as

'BEFORE <date>'

'FROM

<string>'

, or

'SEEN'

5. Assign the variable

imaplib._MAXLINE

a large integer value, such as

10000000

6. The

pyzmail

module reads downloaded emails.

7. You will need the Twilio account SID number, the authentication token

number, and your Twilio phone number.

chapter 17

1. An RGBA value is a tuple of 4 integers, each ranging from 0 to 255. The

four integers correspond to the amount of red, green, blue, and alpha

(transparency) in the color.

2. A function call to

ImageColor.getcolor('CornflowerBlue', 'RGBA')

will

return

(100, 149, 237, 255)

, the RGBA value for that color.

3. A box tuple is a tuple value of four integers: the left edge x-coordinate,

the top edge y-coordinate, the width, and the height, respectively.

Image.open('zophie.png')

imageObj.size

is a tuple of two integers, the width and the height.

imageObj.crop((0, 50, 50, 50))

. Notice that you are passing a box tuple to

crop()

, not four separate integer arguments.

7. Call the

imageObj.save('new_filename.png')

method of the

Image

object.

8. The

ImageDraw

module contains code to draw on images.

ImageDraw

objects have shape-drawing methods such as

point()

line()

rectangle()

. They are returned by passing the

Image

object to the

ImageDraw.Draw()

function.

chapter 18

1. Move the mouse to the top-left corner of the screen, that is, the (0, 0)

coordinates.

pyautogui.size()

returns a tuple with two integers for the width and

height of the screen.

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Answers to the Practice Questions

459

pyautogui.position()

returns a tuple with two integers for the x- and

y-coordinates of the mouse cursor.

4. The

moveTo()

function moves the mouse to absolute coordinates on the

screen, while the

moveRel()

function moves the mouse relative to the

mouse’s current position.

pyautogui.dragTo()

and

pyautogui.dragRel()

pyautogui.typewrite('Hello world!')

7. Either pass a list of keyboard key strings to

pyautogui.typewrite()

(such

'left'

) or pass a single keyboard key string to

pyautogui.press()

pyautogui.screenshot('screenshot.png')

pyautogui.PAUSE = 2

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Symbols

(assignment) operator, 18, 34

(backslash), 124, 151, 162, 174–175

line continuation character, 93

(caret symbol), 162

matching beginning of string,

159–160

negative character classes, 159

(colon), 38, 45, 54, 82, 127

{}

(curly brackets), 105, 162

greedy vs. nongreedy matching,

156–157

matching specific repetitions

with, 156

(dollar sign), 159–160, 162

(dot character), 160–162

using in paths, 175–176

wildcard matches, 160–162

(double quotes), 124

(exponent) operator, 15

(equal to) operator, 33, 34

(forward slash), 174–175

division operator, 15, 88

(greater than) operator, 33

(greater than or equal to)

operator, 33

(hash character), 126

(integer division/floored quotient)

operator, 15

(less than) operator, 33

(less than or equal to) operator, 33

(modulus/remainder) operator,

15, 88

(multiplication) operator, 15, 83, 88

(not equal to) operator, 33

()

(parentheses), 96–97, 152–153

(pipe character), 153–154, 164–165

(plus sign), 155–156, 162

addition operator, 15, 17, 83, 88

(question mark), 154–155, 162

(single quote), 124

[]

(square brackets), 80, 162

(star), 162

using with wildcard character, 161

zero or more matches with, 155

(subtraction) operator, 15, 88

'''

(triple quotes), 125, 164

(underscore), 20

directive, 344

absolute paths, 175–179

abspath()

function, 177

addition (

) operator, 15, 17, 83, 88

additive color model, 389

add_heading()

method, 314

addPage()

method, 299

add_paragraph()

method, 313–314

add_picture()

method, 315

add_run()

method, 313–314

algebraic chess notation, 112–113

all_caps

attribute, 311

ALL

search key, 369

alpha, defined, 388

and

operator, 35

ANSWERED

search key, 370

API (application programming

interface), 327–328

append()

method, 89–90

application-specific passwords, 365

args

keyword, 349

arguments, function, 23, 63

keyword arguments, 65–66

passing to processes, 354

passing to threads, 348–349

assertions, 219–221

disabling, 445

assignment (

) operator, 18, 34

AT&T mail, 363, 367

attributes, HTML, 241, 248

augmented assignment operators,

88–89

In d e x

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462

Index

backspace escape character, 419

directive, 344

back()

method, 261

backslash (

), 124, 151, 162, 174–175

BarChart()

function, 290

basename()

function, 178

BCC

search key, 370

Beautiful Soup, 245. See also

bs4

module

BeautifulSoup

objects, 245–246

BEFORE

search key, 369

binary files, 180–181, 184–185

binary operators, 35–37

bitwise or operator, 164–165

blank strings, 17

blocking execution, 337

blocks of code, 37–38

BODY

search key, 369

bold

attribute, 311

Boolean data type

binary operators, 35–36

flow control and, 32–33

operator, 87

not in

operator, 87

“truthy” and “falsey” values, 53

using binary and comparison

operators together, 36–37

box tuples, 390

breakpoints, debugging using, 229–231

break

statements

overview, 49–50

using in for loop, 55

browser, opening using

webbrowser

module, 234–236

bs4

module

creating object from HTML,

245–246

finding element with

select()

method, 246–247

getting attribute, 248

overview, 245

built-in functions, 57

bulleted list, creating in Wiki markup,

139–141

copying and pasting clipboard,

139–140

joining modified lines, 141

overview, 139

separating lines of text, 140

calling functions, 23

call stack, defined, 217

camelcase, 21

caret symbol (

), 162

matching beginning of string,

159–160

negative character classes, 159

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

matching with

selenium

module, 258

selectors, 246–247

case sensitivity, 21, 163

search key, 370

Cell

objects, 268–269

cells, in Excel spreadsheets, 266

accessing

Cell

object by its name,

268–269

merging and unmerging, 286–287

writing values to, 278–279

center()

method, 133–134, 426

chaining method calls, 398

character classes, 158–159, 162

character styles, 310

charts, Excel, 288–290

chdir()

function, 175

Chrome, developer tools in, 242–243

clear()

method, 258

click()

function, 420, 430, 431

clicking mouse, 420

click()

method, 259

clipboard, using string from, 236

CMYK color model, 389

colon (

), 38, 45, 54, 82, 127

color values

CMYK vs. RGB color models, 389

RGBA values, 388–389

column_index_from_string()

function, 270

columns, in Excel spreadsheets

setting height and width of,

285–286

slicing

Worksheet

objects to get

Cell

objects in, 270–272

Comcast mail, 363, 367

comma-delimited items, 80

command line arguments, 235

commentAfterDelay()

function, 429

comments

multiline, 126

overview, 23

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Index

463

comparison operators

overview, 33–35

using binary operators with, 36–37

compile()

function, 151, 152, 164–165

compressed files

backing up folder into, 209–212

creating ZIP files, 205–206

extracting ZIP files, 205

overview, 203–204

reading ZIP files, 204

computer screen

coordinates of, 415

resolution of, 416

concatenation

of lists, 83

string, 17–18

concurrency issues, 349

conditions, defined, 37

continue

statements

overview, 50–53

using in

for

loop, 55

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 336

coordinates

of computer screen, 415

of an image, 389–390

copy()

function, 100–101, 135, 198, 394

copytree()

function, 198–199

countdown project, 357–358

counting down, 357

overview, 357

playing sound file, 357–358

cProfile.run()

function, 337

crashes, program, 14

create_sheet()

method, 278

CRITICAL

level, 224

cron, 354

cropping images, 393–394

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

matching with

selenium

module, 258

selectors, 246–247

CSV files

defined, 319

delimeter for, 324

format overview, 320

line terminator for, 324

Reader

objects, 321

reading data in loop, 322

removing header from, 324–327

looping through CSV files, 325

overview, 324–325

reading in CSV file, 325–326

writing out CSV file, 326–327

Writer

objects, 322–323

curly brackets (

{}

), 105, 162

greedy vs. nongreedy matching,

156–157

matching specific repetitions

with, 156

current working directory, 175

character class, 158

directive, 344

data structures

algebraic chess notation, 112–113

tic-tac-toe board, 113–117

data types

Booleans, 32

defined, 16

dictionaries, 105–106

floating-point numbers, 17

integers, 17

list()

function, 97

lists, 80

mutable vs. immutable, 94–96

None

value, 65

strings, 17

tuple()

function, 97

tuples, 96–97

datetime

module

arithmetic using, 343

converting objects to strings,

344–345

converting strings to objects, 345

fromtimestamp()

function, 341

now()

function, 341

overview, 341–342, 346

pausing program until time, 344

timedelta

data type, 342–343

total_seconds()

method, 342

datetime

objects, 341–342

converting to strings, 344–345

converting from strings to, 345

debug()

function, 222

debugging

assertions, 219–221

defined, 4

getting traceback as string, 217–218

in IDLE

overview, 225–227

stepping through program,

227–229

using breakpoints, 229–231

464

Index

debugging (continued)

logging

disabling, 224–225

to file, 225

levels of, 223–224

logging

module, 221–223

print()

function and, 223

raising exceptions, 216–217

DEBUG

level, 223

decimal numbers. See floating-point

numbers

decode()

method, 374–375

decryption, of PDF files, 297–298

deduplicating code, 62

deepcopy()

function, 100–101

def

statements, 62

with parameters, 63

DELETED

search key, 370

delete_messages()

method, 375

deleting files/folders

permanently, 200–201

using

send2trash

module, 201–202

del

statements, 84

dictionaries

copy()

function, 100–101

deepcopy()

function, 100–101

get()

method, 109

operator, 109

items()

method, 107–108

keys()

method, 107–108

lists vs., 106–107

nesting, 117–119

not in

operator, 109

overview, 105–106

setdefault()

method, 110–111

values()

method, 107–108

directories

absolute vs. relative paths, 175–176

backslash vs. forward slash, 174–175

copying, 198–199

creating, 176

current working directory, 175

defined, 173–174

deleting permanently, 200–201

deleting using

send2trash

module,

201–202

moving, 199–200

os.path

module

absolute paths in, 177–179

file sizes, 179–180

folder contents, 179–180

overview, 177

path validity, 180

relative paths in, 177–179

renaming, 199–200

walking, 202–203

dirname()

function, 178

disable()

function, 224

division (

) operator, 15, 88

Document

objects, 307–308

dollar sign (

), 159–160, 162

dot character (

), 160–162

using in paths, 175–176

wildcard matches, 160–162

dot-star character (

), 161

doubleClick()

function, 420, 430

double quotes (

), 124

double_strike

attribute, 311

downloading

files from web, 239–240

web pages, 237–238

XKCD comics, 251–256, 350–352

DRAFT

search key, 370

dragging mouse, 420–422

dragRel()

function, 420, 422, 430

dragTo()

function, 420, 430

drawing on images

ellipses, 407

example program, 407–408

ImageDraw

module, 406

lines, 406–407

points, 406

polygons, 407

rectangles, 407

text, 408–410

dumps()

function, 329

duration

keyword arguments, 416

ehlo()

method, 364, 379

elements, HTML, 240

elif

statements, 40–45

ellipse()

method, 407

else

statements, 39–40

email addresses, extracting, 165–169

creating regex, 166–167

finding matches on clipboard,

167–168

joining matches into a string, 168

overview, 165–166

emails

deleting, 375

disconnecting from server, 375–376

fetching

Index

465

folders, 368–369

getting message content,

372–373

logging into server, 368

overview, 366–367

raw messages, 373–375

gmail_search()

method, 372

IMAP, 366

marking message as read, 372–373

searching, 368–371

sending

connecting to SMTP server,

363–364

disconnecting from server, 366

logging into server, 364–365

overview, 362

reminder, 376–380

sending “hello” message, 364

sending message, 365

TLS encryption, 364

SMTP, 362

emboss

attribute, 311

encryption, of PDF files, 302–303

endswith()

method, 131

epoch timestamps, 336, 341, 346

equal to (

) operator, 33, 34

ERROR

level, 224

errors

crashes and, 14

help for, 8–9

escape characters, 124–125

evaluation, defined, 14

Excel spreadsheets

application support, 265–266

charts in, 288–290

column width, 285–286

converting between column letters

and numbers, 270

creating documents, 277

creating worksheets, 278

deleting worksheets, 278

font styles, 282–284

formulas in, 284–285

freezing panes, 287–288

getting cell values, 268–269

getting rows and columns, 270–272

getting worksheet names, 268

merging and unmerging cells,

286–287

opening documents, 267

openpyxl

module, 266

overview, 266–267

reading files

overview, 272–273

populating data structure,

274–275

reading data, 273–274

writing results to file, 275–276

and reminder emails project,

376–380

row height, 285–286

saving workbooks, 277

updating, 279–281

overview, 279–280

setup, 280

workbooks vs., 266

writing values to cells, 278–279

Exception

objects, 217

exceptions

assertions and, 219–221

getting traceback as string, 217–218

handling, 72–74

raising, 216–217

execution, program

defined, 31

overview, 38

pausing until specific time, 344

terminating program with

sys.exit()

, 58

exists()

function, 180

exit codes, 353–354

expand

keyword, 398

exponent (

) operator, 15

expressions

conditions and, 37

in interactive shell, 14–16

expunge()

method, 375

extensions, file, 173

extractall()

method, 205

extracting ZIP files, 205

extract()

method, 205

FailSafeException

exception, 434

“falsey” values, 53

fetch()

method, 371, 372–373

file editor, 21

file management

absolute vs. relative paths, 175–176

backslash vs. forward slash, 174–175

compressed files

backing up to, 209–212

creating ZIP files, 205–206

466

Index

file management (continued)

compressed files (continued)

extracting ZIP files, 205

overview, 203–204

reading ZIP files, 204

creating directories, 176

current working directory, 175

multiclipboard project, 191–193

opening files, 181–182

os.path

module

absolute paths in, 177–179

file sizes, 179–180

folder contents, 179–180

overview, 177

path validity, 180

relative paths in, 177–179

overview, 173–174

paths, 173–174

plaintext vs. binary files, 180–181

reading files, 182–183

renaming files, date styles, 206–209

saving variables with

pformat()

function, 185–186

send2trash

module, 201–202

shelve module, 184–185

shutil

module

copying files/folders, 198–199

deleting files/folders, 200–201

moving files/folders, 199–200

renaming files/folders, 199–200

walking directory trees, 202–203

writing files, 183–184

filenames, defined, 173

File

objects, 182

findall()

method, 157–158

find_element_by_*

methods, 257–258

find_elements_by_*

methods, 257–258

Firefox, developer tools in, 243

FLAGGED

search key, 370

flipping images, 398–399

float()

function, 25–28

floating-point numbers

integer equivalence, 27

overview, 17

rounding, 338

flow control

binary operators, 35–36

blocks of code, 37–38

Boolean values and, 32–33

break

statements, 49–50

comparison operators, 33–35

conditions, 37

continue

statements, 50–53

elif

statements, 40–45

else

statements, 39–40

statements, 38–39

overview, 31–32

using binary and comparison

operators together, 36–37

while

loops, 45–49

folders

absolute vs. relative paths, 175–176

backing up to ZIP file, 209–212

creating new ZIP file, 211

figuring out ZIP filename,

210–211

walking directory tree, 211–212

backslash vs. forward slash, 174–175

copying, 198–199

creating, 176

current working directory, 175

defined, 173–174

deleting permanently, 200–201

deleting using

send2trash

module,

201–202

moving, 199–200

os.path

module

absolute paths in, 177–179

file sizes, 179–180

folder contents, 179–180

overview, 177

path validity, 180

relative paths in, 177–179

renaming, 199–200

walking directory trees, 202–203

Font

objects, 282–283

font styles, in Excel spreadsheets,

282–284

for

loops

overview, 53–56

using dictionary items in, 108

using lists with, 86

format

attribute, 392

format_description

attribute, 392

formData

list, 434

form filler project, 430–437

overview, 430–431

radio buttons, 435–436

select lists, 435–436

setting up coordinates, 432–434

steps in process, 431

submitting form, 436–437

typing data, 434–435

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