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Python Basics

>>> int(7.7)

>>> int(7.7) + 1

In your program, you used the

int()

and

str()

functions in the last

three lines to get a value of the appropriate data type for the code.

z print('What is your age?') # ask for their age

myAge = input()

print('You will be ' + str(int(myAge) + 1) + ' in a year.')

The

myAge

variable contains the value returned from

input()

. Because

the

input()

function always returns a string (even if the user typed in a num-

ber), you can use the

int(myAge)

code to return an integer value of the string

myAge

. This integer value is then added to

in the expression

int(myAge) + 1

The result of this addition is passed to the

str()

function:

str(int(myAge)

+ 1)

. The string value returned is then concatenated with the strings

'You

will be '

and

' in a year.'

to evaluate to one large string value. This large

string is ﬁnally passed to

print()

to be displayed on the screen.

Let’s say the user enters the string

'4'

for

myAge

. The string

'4'

is con-

verted to an integer, so you can add one to it. The result is

. The

str()

func-

tion converts the result back to a string, so you can concatenate it with the

second string,

'in a year.'

, to create the ﬁnal message. These evaluation

steps would look something like Figure 1-4.

te x t AnD numBer equivAlenCe

Although the string value of a number is considered a completely different

value from the integer or ﬂoating-point version, an integer can be equal to a

ﬂoating point‮

>>> 42 == '42'

False

>>> 42 == 42.0

True

>>> 42.0 == 0042.000

True

Python makes this distinction because strings are text, while integers and

ﬂoats are both numbers‮

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Chapter 1

print('You will be ' + str(int(myAge) + 1) + ' in a year.')

print('You will be ' + str(int( ) + 1) + ' in a year.')

print('You will be ' + str( ) + ' in a year.')

print('You will be ' + + ' in a year.')

'4'

'5'

print('You will be 5' + ' in a year.')

print('You will be 5 in a year.')

4 + 1

Figure 1-4: The evaluation steps, if 4 was stored in myAge

Summary

You can compute expressions with a calculator or type string concatena-

tions with a word processor. You can even do string replication easily by

copying and pasting text. But expressions, and their component values—

operators, variables, and function calls—are the basic building blocks

that make programs. Once you know how to handle these elements, you

will be able to instruct Python to operate on large amounts of data for you.

It is good to remember the different types of operators (

and

for math operations, and

and

for string operations) and the three

data types (integers, ﬂoating-point numbers, and strings) introduced in this

chapter.

A few different functions were introduced as well. The

print()

and

input()

functions handle simple text output (to the screen) and input (from the key-

board). The

len()

function takes a string and evaluates to an int of the num-

ber of characters in the string. The

str()

int()

, and

float()

functions will

evaluate to the string, integer, or ﬂoating-point number form of the value

they are passed.

In the next chapter, you will learn how to tell Python to make intelli-

gent decisions about what code to run, what code to skip, and what code to

repeat based on the values it has. This is known as ﬂow control, and it allows

you to write programs that make intelligent decisions.

Practice Questions

1. Which of the following are operators, and which are values?

'hello'

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Python Basics

2. Which of the following is a variable, and which is a string?

spam

'spam'

3. Name three data types.

4. What is an expression made up of? What do all expressions do?

5. This chapter introduced assignment statements, like

spam = 10

. What is

the difference between an expression and a statement?

6. What does the variable

bacon

contain after the following code runs?

bacon = 20

bacon + 1

7. What should the following two expressions evaluate to?

'spam' + 'spamspam'

'spam' * 3

8. Why is

eggs

a valid variable name while

100

is invalid?

9. What three functions can be used to get the integer, ﬂoating-point

number, or string version of a value?

10. Why does this expression cause an error? How can you ﬁx it?

'I have eaten ' + 99 + ' burritos.'

Extra credit: Search online for the Python documentation for the

len()

function. It will be on a web page titled “Built-in Functions.” Skim the

list of other functions Python has, look up what the

round()

function

does, and experiment with it in the interactive shell.

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fl o w C o n t r o l

So you know the basics of individual

instructions and that a program is just a

series of instructions. But the real strength

of programming isn’t just running (or executing)

one instruction after another like a weekend errand

list. Based on how the expressions evaluate, the pro-

gram can decide to skip instructions, repeat them,

or choose one of several instructions to run. In fact, you almost never want

your programs to start from the ﬁrst line of code and simply execute every

line, straight to the end. Flow control statements can decide which Python

instructions to execute under which conditions.

These ﬂow control statements directly correspond to the symbols in a

ﬂowchart, so I’ll provide ﬂowchart versions of the code discussed in this

chapter. Figure 2-1 shows a ﬂowchart for what to do if it’s raining. Follow

the path made by the arrows from Start to End.

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Chapter 2

Yes

Go outside.

Wait a while.

Start

End

Is raining?

Have umbrella?

Is raining?

Yes

Figure 2-1: A ﬂowchart to tell you what to do if it is raining

In a ﬂowchart, there is usually more than one way to go from the start

to the end. The same is true for lines of code in a computer program. Flow-

charts represent these branching points with diamonds, while the other

steps are represented with rectangles. The starting and ending steps are

represented with rounded rectangles.

But before you learn about ﬂow control statements, you ﬁrst need to

learn how to represent those yes and no options, and you need to under-

stand how to write those branching points as Python code. To that end, let’s

explore Boolean values, comparison operators, and Boolean operators.

Boolean Values

While the integer, ﬂoating-point, and string data types have an unlimited

number of possible values, the Boolean data type has only two values:

True

and

False

. (Boolean is capitalized because the data type is named after

mathematician George Boole.) When typed as Python code, the Boolean

values

True

and

False

lack the quotes you place around strings, and they

always start with a capital T or F, with the rest of the word in lowercase.

Enter the following into the interactive shell. (Some of these instructions

are intentionally incorrect, and they’ll cause error messages to appear.)

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Flow Control

u >>> spam = True

>>> spam

True

v >>> true

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>

true

NameError: name 'true' is not defined

w >>> True = 2 + 2

SyntaxError: assignment to keyword

Like any other value, Boolean values are used in expressions and can

be stored in variables u. If you don’t use the proper case v or you try to use

True

and

False

for variable names w, Python will give you an error message.

comparison operators

Comparison operators compare two values and evaluate down to a single

Boolean value. Table 2-1 lists the comparison operators.

table 2-1: Comparison Operators

operator

meaning

Equal to

Not equal to

Less than

Greater than

Less than or equal to

Greater than or equal to

These operators evaluate to

True

False

depending on the values you

give them. Let’s try some operators now, starting with

and

>>> 42 == 42

True

>>> 42 == 99

False

>>> 2 != 3

True

>>> 2 != 2

False

As you might expect,

(equal to) evaluates to

True

when the values

on both sides are the same, and

(not equal to) evaluates to

True

when

the two values are different. The

and

operators can actually work with

values of any data type.

Chapter 2

>>> 'hello' == 'hello'

True

>>> 'hello' == 'Hello'

False

>>> 'dog' != 'cat'

True

>>> True == True

True

>>> True != False

True

>>> 42 == 42.0

True

u >>> 42 == '42'

False

Note that an integer or ﬂoating-point value will always be unequal to a

string value. The expression

42 == '42'

u evaluates to

False

because Python

considers the integer

to be different from the string

'42'

The

, and

operators, on the other hand, work properly only

with integer and ﬂoating-point values.

>>> 42 < 100

True

>>> 42 > 100

False

>>> 42 < 42

False

>>> eggCount = 42

u >>> eggCount <= 42

True

>>> myAge = 29

v >>> myAge >= 10

True

the Differe nCe Bet ween the == AnD = oPer Ato rS

You might have noticed that the == operator (equal to) has two equal signs,

while the = operator (assignment) has just one equal sign‮ It’s easy to confuse

these two operators with each other‮ Just remember these points:

• The == operator (equal to) asks whether two values are the same as each

other‮

• The = operator (assignment) puts the value on the right into the variable

on the left‮

To help remember which is which, notice that the == operator (equal to)

consists of two characters, just like the != operator (not equal to) consists of

two characters‮

Flow Control

You’ll often use comparison operators to compare a variable’s value to

some other value, like in the

eggCount <= 42

u and

myAge >= 10

v examples.

(After all, instead of typing

'dog' != 'cat'

in your code, you could have just

typed

True

.) You’ll see more examples of this later when you learn about

ﬂow control statements.

Boolean operators

The three Boolean operators (

and

, and

not

) are used to compare Boolean

values. Like comparison operators, they evaluate these expressions down

to a Boolean value. Let’s explore these operators in detail, starting with the

and

operator.

Binary Boolean Operators

The

and

operators always take two Boolean values (or expressions),

so they’re considered binary operators. The

and

operator evaluates an expres-

sion to

True

if both Boolean values are

True

; otherwise, it evaluates to

False

Enter some expressions using

and

into the interactive shell to see it in action.

>>> True and True

True

>>> True and False

False

A truth table shows every possible result of a Boolean operator. Table 2-2

is the truth table for the

and

operator.

table 2-2: The and Operator’s Truth Table

Expression

Evaluates to…

True and True

True

True and False

False

False and True

False

False and False

False

On the other hand, the

operator evaluates an expression to

True

either of the two Boolean values is

True

. If both are

False

, it evaluates to

False

>>> False or True

True

>>> False or False

False

You can see every possible outcome of the

operator in its truth table,

shown in Table 2-3.

Chapter 2

table 2-3: The or Operator’s Truth Table

Expression

Evaluates to…

True or True

True

True or False

True

False or True

True

False or False

False

The not Operator

Unlike

and

, the

not

operator operates on only one Boolean value (or

expression). The

not

operator simply evaluates to the opposite Boolean value.

>>> not True

False

u >>> not not not not True

True

Much like using double negatives in speech and writing, you can nest

not

operators u, though there’s never not no reason to do this in real pro-

grams. Table 2-4 shows the truth table for

not

table 2-4: The not Operator’s Truth Table

Expression

Evaluates to…

not True

False

not False

True

mixing Boolean and comparison operators

Since the comparison operators evaluate to Boolean values, you can use

them in expressions with the Boolean operators.

Recall that the

and

, and

not

operators are called Boolean operators

because they always operate on the Boolean values

True

and

False

. While

expressions like

4 < 5

aren’t Boolean values, they are expressions that evalu-

ate down to Boolean values. Try entering some Boolean expressions that

use comparison operators into the interactive shell.

>>> (4 < 5) and (5 < 6)

True

>>> (4 < 5) and (9 < 6)

False

>>> (1 == 2) or (2 == 2)

True

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