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Specificandlimitedrepetition

Cleaning messily-spaced data

Sometimes you come across a text or PDF file that contains data that you want to put in a

spreadsheet:

Red Apples

Green Oranges

Blue Pears

$10

$50

$100

IfyouattempttopastethatintoExcel,however,youendupwith:

ThedataisjustabunchoftextcrammedintoasingleExcelcell

ThatmaylookOK,butthat’snotwhatwewant. Wewanteachdatapointto occupyitsowncell,

likeso:

EachdatapointisseparatedbyacolumninExcel

Inorder forthisto happen, Excelneedssomehelp. Wehavetotell itthatwheretherearethree

spacesormore that’swhereadatapointends. Theeasiestwaytodo thatistoreplace thoseextra

spaceswithasymbol–i.e. adelimiter–thatExcelwillinterpretasacolumnbreak.

The most common symbol is a comma. Using the curly braces notation, we can replace the

consecutivespaceswithacomma:

Find

{3,}

Replace

Whichconvertsthetextto:

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Specificandlimitedrepetition

Red Apples,Green Oranges,Blue Pears

$10,$50,$100

Ifyousavethattextasa.CSV(comma-separatedvalues)file,Excelwillseethosecommasandwill

knowthatthosecommasaremeanttorepresentcolumnbreaks.

Whatifwedidn’tknowhowtousecurlybracesandinsteadusedthe

operator?Thenwewould’ve

putcommasineveryspace:

Theredareasrepresentthematchedwhitespace

Thisofcoursemeanscommasbetweeneachword:

Red,Apples,Green,Oranges,Blue,Pears

$10,$50,$100

AndifExcelinterpretseachcommaasacolumnbreak,weendupwith:

Extra,unwantedcolumnbreaks

Whenyoudon’tneedaplus,thecurlybracesareanicealternative. We’llbeusingthemalotwhen

weneedtoperformmoreprecisematching.

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Anchors: A way to trim emptiness

Ina[previouschapter]{#plus-operator},welearnedhow tomatchconsecutivenewlinecharacters.

Thisishandywhenwewanttoremoveblanklinesfromatextfile.

Anotherannoyingwhitespaceproblemoccurswhenthereispaddingbetweenthebeginningofthe

lineandthefirstactualtextcharacter.Forexample,giventhesehaikus¹⁶:

dowhatyoufeellikesincetheworkisabandonedthelawdoesn’tcare

ifyouusethiscodeyouandyourchildren’schildrenmustmakeyoursourcefree

Iwantthemtobeformattedsothattheleadingwhitespaceisremovedandthelinesareflushagainst

theleft-margin:

dowhatyoufeellikesincetheworkisabandonedthelawdoesn’tcare

ifyouusethiscodeyouandyourchildren’schildrenmustmakeyoursourcefree

These“licensehaikus”arecourtesyofAaronSwartz¹⁷

The caretas starting anchor

Weneedawaytomatchthebeginningoftheline. Thinkofitasaword-boundary&dash;remember

?–exceptthatwewantaboundaryfortheentireline.

Tohavearegexincludethebeginningoftheline,usethecaret:

Thefollowingregex:

^hello

–willmatchtheword

hello

occursatthebeginningoftheline,asinthefollowingexample:

hellogoodbye

However,

ˆhelloˆ

willnotmatchthe

hello

inthefollowingline:

goodbyehello

¹⁶

http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000360

¹⁷

http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000360

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Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

So,inordertoremoveunneededspacesatthebeginningofaline:

InEnglish We’relookingtomatchallwhitespacecharactersthatoccuratthebeginningofaline.

Wewanttoreplacethosecharacterswithnothing(i.e. wewanttodeletethem).

Find

ˆ +

Replace (withnothing)

Thisregexonly affectslinesthatbegin with one-or-morewhitespace characters. For thoselines,

thosewhitespacecharactersareremoved.

Exercise: Addacommon directorytoa listof files

Asadigitalphotographer,Irunintothisscenarioallthetime:I’vetakenabunchofphotosandwant

tosendthemtosomeoneacrosstheworld.Butwithmegapixelsbeingsoplentifultoday,thesefiles

intheirrawformatcanweighinasmuchas10MBto20MB–toobigtosendasemailattachments.

Andthisclientdoesn’thaveasharedDropbox.

SotheeasiestwaytosendthemistouploadthemtoanFTPorwebserver. Onmycomputer,Ido

thisbyopeningthefolder,selectingallthefiles,anddraggingthemtomyserver:

Movingfiles

Theclientcanthendownloadthefilesattheir leisure. Whatwas

dog.jpg

inmylocalharddrive

cannowbefoundat:

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/dog.jpg

ButhowdoItelltheclientthis? Well,first,Iselectallthefilenamesonmylocalharddriveanddo

acopy-and-pasteintoatexteditor. Igetsomethinglike:

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Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

dog.jpg

cat.jpg

mouse.jpg

Afterthisit’seasyenoughtojustcopyandpastetheremotepath–

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/dog.jpg

–3orsotimes.Butwhydothatwhen,withregularexpressions,wecandoitinonefellswoop?

Usethecaretanchortoprependtheremotepathtothefilenames:

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/dog.jpg

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/cat.jpg

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/mouse.jpg

Answer

Simply“replace”thecaretwiththeremotefilepath:

Find

Replace

http://www.example.com/images/client-joe/

Technically,nothinggetsreplaced,perse.Thecaretsimplymarksthebeginningofthelineandthe

replacementactioninsertsthedesiredtextthere.

Thisisaquicktimesaverwhenyoujusthavetoaddsomethingtoadozenorsolines.

The dollar sign as the ending anchor

Ifthere’sawaytomatchthebeginning ofaline,thentheremustbeawayto matchtheendofa

line.

Tohavearegexincludetheendoftheline,usethedollar-sign:

bye$

–thiswillmatchtheword

bye

ifitoccursattheendoftheline,asinthefollowingexample:

world,goodbye

However,itwillnotmatchthe

bye

inthefollowingline:

goodbyeworld

Exercise: Addacommon filenametoa listof directories

Thisisavariationtothepreviousfilepathproblem. Wehavealistofdirectories:

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Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

http://example.com/events/

http://example.com/people/

http://example.com/places/

Andweneedareferencetoacommonfilename:

http://example.com/events/index.html

http://example.com/people/index.html

http://example.com/places/index.html

Answer

Find

Replace

index.html

Strippingend-of-linecharacters

Comma-delimitedfiles(also knownasCSVs,comma-separatedvalues) isacommontextformat

fordata. InorderforaprogramlikeExceltoarrangeCSVdataintoaspreadsheet,itusesthecommas

todeterminewherethe“columns”are.

Forexample:

Item,Quantity,In Season?

Apples,50,Yes

Oranges,109,No

Pears,12,Yes

Kiwis,72,Yes

InExcel,thedatalookslikethis:

CSVinExcel

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Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

CSVisa popular formatandyou’llrun into itifyougetinto thehabitofrequesting data from

governmentalagencies.Unfortunately,itwon’talwaysbeperfect.

Acommonproblem–albeittrivial–willoccurwhenexportingdatafromExceltoCSV.Ifthelast

columnismeanttobeemptybutisn’t(notalldatabasesarewellmaintained),everylineintheCSV

filewillhaveatrailingcomma:

Item,Quantity,In Season?,

Apples,50,Yes,

Oranges,109,No,

Pears,12,Yes,

Kiwis,72,Yes,

Thisusuallywon’tcauseproblems, especially in modern spreadsheetssuch asExcelandGoogle

Docs. Butolder databaseimportprogramsmightprotest. Andifyou’reevenalittleOCD, those

superfluouscommaswillbotheryou. Solet’swipethemoutwithasingleregex.

Inefficient method: remove and replace newlines If you fully grok newline characters, you

realizeyoucanfixtheproblembytargetingthepatternof:acommafollowedbyanewlinecharacter:

Find

,\n

Replace

Thisalmost works,exceptyouwon’tcatchtheverylastline:

Item,Quantity,In Season?

Apples,50,Yes

Oranges,109,No

Pears,12,Yes

Kiwis,72,Yes,

Whywasn’tthattrailingcommafromthefinallinedeleted? Thepatternweusedlookedonlyfor

commasfollowedbyanewlinecharacter. So ifthatfinallineisthefinal line, thereisno other

newlinecharacter. Sowehavetodeletethatcommamanually.

Efficientmethod: leave thenewlinesalone Besidesthatnaggingmanualdeletionstep(which

quickly becomes annoying if you’recleaning dozensof files), our Find-and-Replace justseems

alittlewasteful. Allwewant isto deletethetrailing comma, butweend upalso deleting (and

reinserting)anewlinecharacter.

Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

Usingthe

,however,requiresnoextrareplacementaction.Itsimplyassertsthatthepatterncontains

theend-of-the-line,whichisn’tanactualcharacter,perse,inthetext.

Inotherwords,the

onlydetectstheend-of-the-line,andsonoreplacementisactuallydoneatthat

position.

Try it out yourself. In your Find field, match the

operator and then replace itwith nothing:

nothingwillhappentothetext(comparethistoreplacing

withnothing).

Solet’sstripthetrailingcommasusingthe

operator:

Find

Replace (withnothing)

InEnglish Wewanttofindthecommarightbeforetheend-of-the-line

Escapingspecial characters

Ifthecaretandthedollarsigndenotethebeginningandtheendoftheline, respectively,thenit

followsthatthefollowingpatternsdon’tmakemuchsense:

abc^Bye

Hello$world

Howwould

abc

comebeforethebeginningofthelineyetbeonthesamelineas

Bye

?Orhowcould

world

beonthesamelineas

Hello

andtheendofthelinecharacter,

So,withwhatweknowsofar,itmakessensethatthecaretanddollarsigntypicallyserveasbookends

foraregexpattern. However,thefollowingregexmaybeconfusing:

He gave me e \$10+

Thisregexmatchesthetextinboldbelow:

Hegaveme$100yesterday

Thekeycharacterhereisourfriendthebackslash. We’veseenhowthebackslash,whenpreceding

theletters

and

,givethemspecialmeaning:awordboundaryandnewlinecharacter,respectively.

Whathappenswhenthebackslashprecedesanalready specialcharacter,suchasthedollar sign?

Thenit’sjustaliteraldollarsign,asweseeintheaboveexample.

Exercise: Removeleadingdollarsigns Giventhislistofdollaramountsinwhichthedollarsign

ismistakenlyrepeated:

Anchors:Awaytotrimemptiness

$$100

$$200

$$399

Removetheleadingdollarsignwitharegexthatcontainsthecaret.

$100

$200

$399

Answer

Find

ˆ\$

Replace (withnothing)

Anchorcharactersarenotonlyprettyeasytoremember,they’reveryusefulinmanyregexpatterns.

I use it frequently for data-cleaning, where a text file may contain unwanted spaces or junk

charactersatthebeginningorendofeachline.

Matching any letter, any number

Ofcourse, we’llneed to work withactual alphabeticalletters, numbers, and symbolsother than

whitespaceandnewlines. Regularexpressionshaveasetofshortcutsandsyntaxforthispurpose.

The numericcharacter class

Usingourfriendthebackslash,wecanturnaliteralletterintoaspecialcharactertomatchnumbers.

Whentheletter

isprecededbyabackslash,thepatternnolongermatchestheliteralletter

,but

anynumericaldigitfrom

\d+

Matches:

Thereare10010sheep

Wereferto

asa“characterclass”or“characterset”becauseitaffectsasetofcharacters. Inthis

case,

matchestheset(i.e.“class”)ofcharactersthatarenumbers.

Let’stryoutthe

inasimpleexercise.

Exercise: Redactthenumbers

Giventhisphrase:

TherobberywasreportedonJanuary12, 2013. At9:40,thesuspectisallegedtohave

enteredthepizzeriaat120Broadwayandstolen9bagsoforegano.

Replaceallthenumberswiththeletter

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