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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2011.3510 121

HANDWRITTEN TEXT IMAGE

AUTHENTICATION USING BACK

PROPAGATION

A S N Chakravarthy

†

Penmetsa V Krishna Raja ††

, Prof

. P S Avadhani

†††

†

Associate Professor , Department of CSE& IT, Sri Aditya Engineering College,

Surampalem, E.G.Dist , Andhra Pradesh, India

asnchakravarthy@yahoo.com

††

Research Scholar, JNTUK, Kakinada, E.G.Dist , Andhra Pradesh, India

vamsilovesindia@gmail.com

†††

Professor, Dept. of CS & SE,

Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India

psavadhani@yahoo.com

BSTRACT

Authentication is the act of confirming the truth of an attribute of a datum or entity. This might involve

confirming the identity of a person, tracing the origins of an artefact, ensuring that a product is what

it’s packaging and labelling claims to be, or assuring that a computer program is a trusted one. The

authentication of information can pose special problems (especially man-in-the-middle attacks), and is

often wrapped up with authenticating identity. Literary can involve imitating the style of a famous author.

If an original manuscript, typewritten text, or recording is available, then the medium itself (or its

packaging - anything from a box to e-mail headers) can help prove or disprove the authenticity of the

document. The use of digital images of handwritten historical documents has become more popular in

recent years. Volunteers around the world now read thousands of these images as part of their

indexing process. Handwritten text images of old documents are sometimes difficult to read or noisy due

to the preservation of the document and quality of the image [1].

Handwritten text offers challenges that

are rarely encountered in machine-printed text. In addition, most problems faced in reading machine-

printed text (e.g., character recognition, word segmentation, letter segmentation, etc.) are more severe, in

handwritten text. In this paper we Here in this paper we proposed a method for authenticating hand

written text images using back propagation algorithm..

EYWORDS

Optical Character Recognition, Handwritten text image,

Handwriting Recognition

NTRODUCTION

ANDWRITTEN

TEXT

MAGE

Handwriting recognition is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret

intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-

screens and other devices. The image of the written text may be sensed "off line" from a piece

of paper by optical scanning (Optical Character Recognition (OCR)) or intelligent word

recognition. Alternatively, the movements of the pen tip may be sensed "on line", for example

by a pen-based computer screen surface.

1.1 Off-Line Hand Writing Recognition:

Off-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text in an image into

letter codes which are usable within computer and text-processing applications. The data

obtained by this form is regarded as a static representation of handwriting. Off-line handwriting

recognition is comparatively difficult, as different people have different handwriting styles.

And, as of today, OCR engines are primarily focused on machine printed text and ICR for hand

"printed" (written in capital letters) text. There is no OCR engine that supports handwriting

recognition as of today.

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

122

1.1.1 Problem domain reduction techniques:

Narrowing the problem domain often helps increase the accuracy of handwriting recognition

systems. A form field for a ZIP code for example, would contain only the characters 0-9. This

fact would reduce the number of possible identifications.

Primary techniques for problem domain reduction:

! Specifying specific character ranges

! Utilization of specialized forms

1.1.2 Character extraction:

Off-line character recognition often involves scanning a form or document written sometime in

the past. This means the individual characters contained in the scanned image will need to be

extracted. Tools exist that are capable of performing this step [1] however, several common

imperfections in this step. The most common being characters that are connected together are

returned as a single sub-image containing both characters. This causes a major problem in the

recognition stage. Yet many algorithms are available that reduce the risk of connected

characters.

1.1.3 Character recognition:

After the extraction of individual characters occurs recognition engine is used to identify the

corresponding computer character. Several different recognition techniques are currently

available.

1.1.4 Neural networks:

Neural network recognizers learn from an initial image training set. The trained network then

makes the character identifications. Each neural network uniquely learns the properties that

differentiate training images. It then looks for similar properties in the target image to be

identified. Neural networks are quick to setup; however, they can be inaccurate if they learn

properties that are not important in the target data.

1.1.5 Feature extraction:

Feature extraction works in a similar fashion to neural network recognizers however,

programmers must manually determine the properties they feel are important.

Some example properties might be:

Aspect Ratio

Percent of pixels above horizontal half point

Percent of pixels to right of vertical half point

Number of strokes

Average distance from image centre

Is reflected y axis

Is reflected x axis

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

123

This approach gives the recognizer more control over the properties used in identification. Yet

any system using this approach requires substantially more development time than a neural

network because the properties are not learned automatically.

1.2 Online- Hand Writing Recognition:

On-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text as it is written on a

special digitizer , where a sensor picks up the pen-tip movements as well as pen-up/pen-down

switching. That kind of data is known as digital ink and can be regarded as a dynamic

representation of handwriting. The obtained signal is converted into letter codes which are

usable within computer and text-processing applications.

The elements of an on-line handwriting recognition interface typically include:

a pen or stylus for the user to write with.

a touch sensitive surface, which may be integrated with, or adjacent to, an output

display.

a software application which interprets the movements of the stylus across the writing

surface, translating the resulting strokes into digital text.

ONVERSION OF

AND WRITTEN IMAGE INTO

IPOLAR

Before giving the image as password the image should be converted in to its Read, Green and

Blue (RGB) values and these values will be normalized using our normalization function. As we

cannot give the image directly as input to the neural network, here we converted image into

matrix (or text).

2.1 Conversion of image to matrix (or text):

This method reads the colour of each pixel of the image. Then converts the colour into red,

green and blue (RGB) parts as each colour can be produced using these colours.

Silver

Sky blue

RED BLUE GREEN

192 192 192

135 206 235

Figure 1. Reading pixel values

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

124

By using the above procedure we can convert any image into a matrix consisting of set of

numbers representing all the pixels of the image. After converting image into a matrix which

consists of set of numbers we can give it to the neural network as input and we can train it using

username and image matrix as a training sample. So here user has the choice of selecting either

text or an image depending on the requirement and security he expects.

This scheme normalizes numbers in matrix given in figure 3.3 to increase the security. As

Red, Blue, Green can have maximum of 255 and minimum of 0, it uses the following formula to

normalize the numbers of matrix.

135 206 235 154

158 ……….....…..196

148 58

157 35

154

129 35

78………........………254

………………………………….........................………………………………..45

…………………………………………………….........................……………255

148 58

157 35

154

129 35

78…………….. .........148

Figure 2. Matrix representation of an image.

255

(1)

Where C

is the value of Red or Green or Blue components of the graphical password and255 is

the maximum value for any colour.

This method converts the image into text by using procedures discussed above. After converting

the image into bipolar values we can use the same procedure which is used for textual password.

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

125

ESULTS FOR

AND

RITTEN

IMAGE

AUTHENTICATION:

Figure 3. Screen showing how to setup network and back propagation algorithm

In this step Maximum error indicates maximum error that we may ignore while training and

No.of patterns are restricted by no.of output units , In order to recognize more patterns, more

number of output units can be used . As shown in figure 7.1 the number layers, maximum error

,number of input units and hidden units will be given and application will save these values for

future use.

When number of layers ,number of hidden units and maximum errors are changed the efficiency

of password authetication scheme will increase.

Figure 4. Screen showing specification of the training pattern

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

126

The application will provide a facility to choose image for training from a specified folder as

shown in figure 4.

Once the path is given it will retrieve patterns for training the network as shown in figure 5.

Figure 5. Screen showing how to specify patterns for training the network

3.1 Training the BPNN for Hand Written Image:

Figure 6. Screen showing how to train the network

In this step as shown in figure 7.4 the error is 1.09 and training completed in 5 seconds.We can

decrease error by doing following changes

By changing the learning rate paramater

By changing the of input and/or hidden units

By changing the number of layers

By increasing number of iterations

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International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

127

3.2 Hand written image as input:

Figure 7. Screen showing how to draw images for recognising

While drawing the image user should take care of width and height of the image. While training

the network using two or more similar patterns which represent the same output can avoid

restriction on width and height.

3.3 Hand Written Pattern recognition:

Figure 8. Screen showing how to recognise image

International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

128

In the figure 8, the input is matched with two patterns, one with low error i.e. A and other with

high error i.e. 1. Since A is having more similarity(less error) compared to 1, the application

recognizes the given pattern as A.

CONCLUSIONS

AND

FUTURE

SCOPE:

Memory is not just a passive store for holding ideas without changing them; it may transform

those ideas when they are being retrieved. There are many examples showing that what is

retrieved is different from what was initially stored. A simple model describing context-

dependent associative memories generates a good vectorial representation of basic logical

calculus. One of the powers of this vectorial representation is the very natural way in

which binary matrix operators are capable to compute ambiguous situations. This fact

presents a biological interest because of the very natural way in which the human mind

is able to take decisions in the presence of uncertainties. Also these memories could be used

to develop expert agents to the recent problem domain.

One of the ways in which this technique can be improved is by identifying the start and end of

the edges better. Also, a valuable alternative would be to be able to automatically generate the

parameters necessary to work with the bilateral filter and the control of noise for the Laplacian

filter[1].

This Paper presented a novel password authentication method for the handwritten document

images. Unlike the existing approaches using the image-to-image matching-based approaches,

we use the word recognition distances to improve the word matching accuracy.

This method estimate the probabilities of word boundary segmentation using the distances

between connected components and combine the segmentation and recognition distances to

create a probabilistic word matching similarity. This technique shows the improvement obtained

by our approach by comparing the image-to-image matching approaches [2, 3] with this

method.

The future works can be done to improve the overall performance of PAS by combining

multiple systems using different image features and similarity measurements. System

combination may also effectively fix the intrinsic drawbacks of every single system.

Next we can consider CAPTCHAs based on handwritten sentence reading and understanding.

There are open questions on how long “Handwritten CAPTCHAs” will resist automatic attacks,

how robust is our proposed algorithm for image transformation and degradation, or how easily

an image deformation can be reversed and the original image retrieved, as well as concerns

based on the future technology development of computer vision systems that could eventually

ﬁll the gap in ability between humans and machine reading [4].

CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

An assemblage of this nature could never have been attempted without reference to

and inspiration from the works of others whose details are mentioned in reference section.

International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

129

EFERENCES

[1]

Oliver A. Nina, Bryan S. Morse, ”Interactive Smoothing of Handwritten Text Images Using a

Bilateral filter”,

[2]

Barr,”Invitation to Cryptology”,1st edition, Prentice Hall,2002.

[3]

Michael Roe,”A Technical report on Cryptography and evidence”, University Of Cambridge.

[4]

Amalia Rusu and Venu Govindaraju, “Handwritten CAPTCHA: Using the difference in the

abilities of humans and machines in reading handwritten words”,

9th Int’l Workshop on

Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR-9 2004)

[5]

S. N. Srihari and E. J. Keubert, "Integration of handwritten address interpretation technology

into the United States Postal Service Remote Computer Reader System" Proc. Int. Conf.

Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 1997, IEEE-CS Press, pp. 892-896

[6]

Plamondon and S. N. Srihari,"On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive

survey" IEEE transaction on pattern Analysis and machine Intelligence,2000,22(1),63-84

[7]

Khalil Shihab,” A Backpropagation Neural Network for Computer Network Security”, Journal of

Computer Science 2 (9): 710-715, 2006.

[8]

Li-Hua Li, Iuon-Chang Lin, and Min-Shiang Hwang, ” A Remote Password Authentication Scheme

for Multiserver Architecture Using Neural Networks”, IEEE Transactions On Neural Networks,

VOL. 12, NO. 6, November 2001.

[9]

G. Horng, “Password authentication without using password table,” Inform. Processing Lett.,

vol. 55, pp. 247–250, 1995.

[10]

M. Udi, “A simple scheme to make passwords based on one-way function much harder to

crack,” Computer Security, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 171–176, 1996.

[11]

Robert Biddle, Sonia Chiasson, P.C. van Oorschot ,” Graphical Passwords: Learning from the

First Twelve Years”, January 4, 2011. Technical Report TR-11-01, School of Computer Science,

Carleton University, 2011.

[12]

Wei-Chi Ku,” Weaknesses and Drawbacks of a Password Authentication Scheme Using Neural

Networks for Multiserver Architecture”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOL. 16,

NO. 4, JULY 2005.

[13]

M. S. Obaidat and D. T. Macchiarolo, “An on-line neural-network system for computer access

security,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 40, pp. 235–242, 1993.

[14]

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Cybern., vol. 24, pp. 806–813,May 1994.

[15]

T. Schmidt, H. Rahnama , A. Sadeghian, “A Review Of Applications Of Artificial Neural Networks

In Cryptosystems”,Seventh International Symposium on Neural Networks, June 6-

9, 2010 Shanghai, China.

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G. Agarwal and R.S. Shukla,” Security Analysis of Graphical Passwords over the Alphanumeric

Passwords “, Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 2010.

[17]

Xiaoyuan Suo, Ying Zhu, and G. Scott Owen, "Graphical Passwords: A Survey", Proceedings of

21st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, December 5-9, 2005, Tucson, Arizona.

[18]

ASN Chakravarthy, P S Avadhani,“A Probabilistic Approach For Authenticating Text Or Graphical

Passwords Using Back Propagation, IJCSNS International Journal Of Computer Science And

Network Security, VOL.11 No.5, May 2011.

International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011

130

Authors

†A.S.N Chakravarthy received his M.Tech (CSE) from JNTU, Anantapur ,

Andhra Pradesh, India. Presently he is working as an Associate Professor in

Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering in Sri Aditya Engineering College,

SuramPalem, E.G.Dist, AP, India. His research areas include Network Security,

Cryptography, Intrusion Detection, Neural networks.

††

Penmetsa V Krishna Raja received his M.Tech (CST) from A.U,

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. He is a research scholar under the

supervision of Prof.P.s.Avadhani. His research areas include Network Security,

Cryptography, Intrusion Detection, Neural networks.

†††Prof. P.S.Avadhani did his Masters Degree and PhD from IIT, Kanpur. He is

presently working as Professor in Dept. of Computer Science and Systems

Engineering in Andhra University college of Engg., in Visakhapatnam. He has

more than 50 papers published in various National / International journals and

conferences. His research areas include Cryptography, Data Security, Algorithms,

and Computer Graphics, Digital Forensics and Cyber Security.

o0o

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