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Installing PHP on Oracle Solaris 11.1

# pkg install web/php-53 web/server/apache-22/module/apache-php53

Packages to install: 10

Packages to update: 1

Mediators to change: 1

Create boot environment: No

Create backup boot environment: No

DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB)

SPEED

Completed 11/11 606/606 22.2/22.2

2.0M/s

PHASE ITEMS

Removing old actions 1/1

Installing new actions 962/962

Updating package state database Done

Updating image state Done

Creating fast lookup database Done

3. Similarly, PHP 5.2 packages can be installed with:

# pkg install web/php-52 web/server/apache-22/module/apache-php52

4. Review all the PHP packages installed:

# pkg list '*php*'

NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO

web/php-52 5.2.17-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-apc 3.0.19-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-idn 0.2.0-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-memcache 2.2.5-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-mysql 5.2.17-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-pear 5.2.17-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-suhosin 0.9.29-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-tcpwrap 1.1.3-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-52/extension/php-xdebug 2.0.5-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53 5.3.14-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-apc 3.1.9-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-idn 0.2.0-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-memcache 3.0.6-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-mysql 5.3.14-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-pear 5.3.14-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-suhosin 0.9.33-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-tcpwrap 1.1.3-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-53/extension/php-xdebug 2.2.0-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/php-common 11.1-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--

web/server/apache-22/module/apache-php52 5.2.17-0.175.1.0.0.24 i--

web/server/apache-22/module/apache-php53 5.3.14-0.175.1.0.0.24 i--

5. As required in PHP 5.3, edit /etc/php/5.3/php.ini and set the timezone, for example:

date.timezone = America/Los_Angeles

See http://php.net/manual/timezones.php for available values.

6. Start Apache:

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Installing PHP and Apache on Oracle Solaris

# svcadm enable apache22

7. Confirm Apache started with:

# svcs apache22

STATE STIME FMRI

online 15:43:01 svc:/network/http:apache22

8. Check PHP's configuration with the command line:

$ php -i

Alternatively create a script in the webserver document root directory,

/var/apache2/2.2/htdocs/phpinfo.php:

<?php

phpinfo();

Now, in a web browser, open the URL http://localhost/phpinfo.php. If PHP is

installed, the output will show the version of PHP and the extensions that are

configured.

Changing the Version of PHP used by Apache

If more than one version of PHP installed, you can choose which one is used by Apache. To see

the current version of PHP use phpinfo() or the package mediator command:

$ pkg mediator

MEDIATOR VER. SRC. VERSION IMPL. SRC. IMPLEMENTATION

java system 1.7 system

php system 5.3 system

python vendor 2.6 vendor

This example shows that Apache is using PHP 5.3.

To see all the possible values for the package mediator:

$ pkg mediator -a

MEDIATOR VER. SRC. VERSION IMPL. SRC. IMPLEMENTATION

java system 1.6 system

java system 1.7 system

php system 5.2 system

php system 5.3 system

python vendor 2.6 vendor

To change the version of PHP used by Apache, first disable Apache:

# svcadm disable apache22

Then switch to PHP 5.2:

# pkg set-mediator -V 5.2 php

Restart Apache:

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Changing the Version of PHP used by Apache

# svcadm enable apache22

Installing Oracle Instant Client on Oracle Solaris 11.1

Oracle client libraries must be available for OCI8. If there is no Oracle Database installed on

your machine, install the lightweight Oracle Instant Client:

1. Download the Oracle Instant Client for Solaris 32-bit from OTN, choosing SPARC or x86 as

appropriate: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/instant-

client/index-097480.html

Install the instantclient-basic-solaris and instantclient-sdk-solaris packages.

Alternatively, instead of the “basic” package, you can install instantclient-basiclite-

solaris.

2. Unzip the packages into /opt/instantclient_11_2, for example:

# cd /opt

# unzip instantclient-basic-solaris.sparc32-11.2.0.3.0.zip

# unzip instantclient-sdk-solaris.sparc32-11.2.0.3.0.zip

3. Create a symbolic link for the client shared library:

# cd /opt/instantclient_11_2

# ln -s libclntsh.so.11.1 libclntsh.so

The final directory layout for the “basic” and “sdk” packages should look like:

# ls /opt/instantclient_11_2

adrci libclntsh.so.11.1 libocijdbc11.so uidrvci

BASIC_README libnnz11.so ojdbc5.jar xstreams.jar

genezi libocci.so.11.1 ojdbc6.jar

libclntsh.so libociei.so sdk

Installing OCI8 on Oracle Solaris 11.1

The OCI8 extension can be installed from PECL as a shared extension.

1. Make sure autoconf and system/header are installed.

# pkg install autoconf

# pkg install system/header

2. A C compiler is needed to build OCI8. Install Solaris Studio by downloading it and following

the documentation:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/indexes/downloads/index.html#tools

If necessary, add the Solaris Studio binary directory to your PATH, for example,

# export PATH=$PATH:\

/opt/SolarisStudio12.3-solaris-x86-bin/solarisstudio12.3/bin

Solaris Studio is preferred because of its optimizations but you could alternatively,

install GCC:

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Installing PHP and Apache on Oracle Solaris

# pkg install gcc-dev

3. Shutdown Apache:

# svcadm disable apache22

4. If you are behind a firewall, set the PEAR proxy which is used by PECL. For example:

# /usr/php/bin/pear config-set http_proxy http://your-proxy.com:80

5. Download and install OCI8:

# /usr/php/bin/pecl install oci8

When prompted for the path to ORACLE_HOME respond with the full path to the

Oracle home directory or, if you installed Oracle Instant Client, enter

instantclient,/opt/instantclient_11_2. Note the installer will not expand

environment variables in your response.

6. For PHP 5.3 edit /etc/php/5.3/php.ini and add:

extension=oci8.so

If you installed PHP 5.2 then add this directive to /etc/php/5.2/php.ini.

7. Set any required environment variables, such as LD_LIBRARY_PATH, in your shell. For

Apache the variables must be set in /etc/apache2/2.2/envvars:

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/instantclient_11_2

See Setting the Oracle Environment Variables on Linux in the previous chapter. Oracle

Solaris uses similar variables as Linux, such as NLS_LANG and TNS_ADMIN.

8. Restart Apache:

# svcadm enable apache22

Calling the previous phpinfo.php script will show the OCI8 extension and its options. The

variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH should be seen in the Environment section.

You can remove the OCI8 extension by reverting the extension entry in php.ini and

physically removing the extension with:

# /usr/php/bin/pecl uninstall oci8

The next chapter shows how to use OCI8 to connect to Oracle Database.

100

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CHAPTER 10

ONNECTING

RACLE

SING

OCI8

This chapter covers connecting to an Oracle database from your PHP application, showing the

forms of Oracle connection and how to tune them. A later chapter PHP Connection Pooling

and High Availability discusses connection pooling and how it applies to connection

management.

Before attempting to connect, review the section Setting the Oracle Environment on Linux

in Chapter 8 and make sure that your environment is configured appropriately.

The examples use the “human resources” HR schema, a demonstration user account

installed with the database. Use SQL*Plus to unlock the account and set a password, as

described in the chapter SQL With Oracle Database.

Depending on the version of the Oracle Client libraries that OCI8 is linked with, you can

connect to various versions of Oracle Database. Oracle Support Note 207303.1 details the full

Oracle client-server compatibility matrix.

Oracle Connection Example

Once you have installed PHP OCI8, Apache, and have the credentials to access a local or

remote database, then you can test an OCI8 script. Create oci8.php in Apache's

DocumentRoot directory, where you created phpinfo.php in the previous chapter:

Script 7: oci8.php

<?php

$c = oci_pconnect("hr", "welcome", "localhost/XE");

if (!$c) {

$e = oci_error();

trigger_error('Could not connect to database: '. $e['message'],E_USER_ERROR);

}

$s = oci_parse($c, "select city from locations order by city");

if (!$s) {

$e = oci_error($c);

trigger_error('Could not parse statement: '. $e['message'], E_USER_ERROR);

}

$r = oci_execute($s);

if (!$r) {

$e = oci_error($s);

trigger_error('Could not execute statement: '. $e['message'], E_USER_ERROR);

}

echo "<table border='1'>\n";

$ncols = oci_num_fields($s);

echo "<tr>\n";

for ($i = 1; $i <= $ncols; ++$i) {

$colname = oci_field_name($s, $i);

echo " <th><b>".htmlentities($colname, ENT_QUOTES)."</b></th>\n";

101

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Connecting to Oracle Using OCI8

}

echo "</tr>\n";

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) {

echo "<tr>\n";

foreach ($row as $item) {

echo " <td>".($item!==null?htmlentities($item,

ENT_QUOTES):" ")."</td>\n";

}

echo "</tr>\n";

}

echo "</table>\n";

The script connects as the HR user to the local installation of Oracle 11g XE. The password is

“welcome”. Load it in a browser with: http://localhost/oci8.php. The output is like:

If you have errors, read further in this chapter about connections and troubleshooting.

Oracle Connection Types

There are three ways to connect to an Oracle database in a PHP application: using standard

connections, unique connections, or persistent connections. Each method returns a

connection resource that is used in subsequent OCI8 calls.

102

Figure 56: Output from oci8.php.

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Oracle Connection Types

Independent of which one of these PHP connection methods are used in applications, the

database server can be configured to handle its end of the connection in different ways. The

best practice for most PHP web applications is for the database to use Database Resident

Connection Pooling (DRCP) connection pooling. This is discussed in the chapter PHP

Connection Pooling and High Availability.

Standard Connections

For basic connection to Oracle use PHP’s oci_connect() call:

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, $dbname);

You can call oci_connect() more than once in a script. If you do this and use the same

connection details, then you get a pointer to the original connection.

Unique Connections

To get a totally independent connection use oci_new_connect():

$c = oci_new_connect($username, $password, $dbname);

Each connection is separate from any other. This lets you have more than one database

session open at the same time, which is useful when you want to do database operations

independently from each other.

Persistent Connections

Persistent connections can be made with oci_pconnect():

$c = oci_pconnect($username, $password, $dbname);

Persistent connections are not automatically closed at the end of a PHP script when the HTTP

request finishes. They remain open in PHP’s persistent connection cache for reuse by later

scripts. This makes oci_pconnect() fast for frequently used web applications. Reconnection

does not require re-authentication to the database.

Each cache entry uses the database username, the database connect string, the hashed

password, the character set and the connection privilege to ensure reconnection in later (or

the same) PHP scripts reuses the correct cached database connection.

103

Connecting to Oracle Using OCI8

Limits on the number of persistent connections in the cache can be set, and connections can

be automatically expired to free up resources. The parameters for tuning persistent

connections are discussed later in this chapter.

When the PHP process terminates, the connection cache is destroyed and all database

connections closed. This means that for command line PHP scripts, persistent connections are

equivalent to normal connections and there is no performance benefit.

If the database is shutdown with the NORMAL option, the shutdown will hang until all

database connections are closed. If persistent connections have been used in PHP, Apache

will first need to be shutdown to close those connections.

Oracle Database Name Connection Identifiers

The $dbname connection identifier is the name of the local or remote database that you want

to attach to. It is interpreted by Oracle Net, the component of Oracle that handles the

underlying connection to the database and establishes a connection through to the network

“listener” on the database server. The connection identifier can be one of:

●

An Easy Connect string

●

A Connect Descriptor string

●

A Connect Name

Easy Connect String

If you are running Oracle Database XE on a machine called mymachine, you could connect to

the HR schema with:

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'mymachine/XE');

In this guide, we assume the database is on the same machine as Apache and PHP so we use

localhost:

104

Figure 57: Persistent connections are cached in PHP and held open to

the database when the web user is idle.

Oracle Database Name Connection Identifiers

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

Depending on your network configuration, you may need to use the equivalent IP address:

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', '127.0.0.1/XE');

The Easy Connect string is JDBC-like. The Oracle 10g syntax is:

[//]host_name[:port][/service_name]

If the PHP binary is linked with Oracle 11g client libraries, the enhanced 11g syntax can be

used:

[//]host_name[:port][/service_name][:server_type][/instance_name]

The prefix // is optional. The port number defaults to Oracle’s standard port, 1521. The

service name defaults to the same name as the database's host computer name. The server

is the type of process that Oracle uses to handle the connection, see the chapter PHP

Connection Pooling and High Availability covering Database Resident Connection Pooling for

an example. The instance name is used when connecting to a specific machine in a clustered

environment.

While it is common for Oracle database sites to use port 1521, it is relatively rare that a

database will be installed with the service name set to the host name. You will mostly need to

specify the connection identifier as host_name/service_name.

The lsnrctl command on the database server shows the service names that the Oracle Net

listener accepts requests for. The example below shows the service XE is available.

$ lsnrctl services

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.2.0 - Production on 05-Jun-2011 16:24:52

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC_FOR_XE)))

Services Summary...

Service "PLSExtProc" has 1 instance(s).

Instance "PLSExtProc", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...

Handler(s):

"DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0

LOCAL SERVER

Service "XE" has 1 instance(s).

Instance "XE", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...

Handler(s):

"DEDICATED" established:18 refused:0 state:ready

LOCAL SERVER

. . .

More information on the syntax can be found in the Oracle® Database Net Services

Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2).

Database Connect Descriptor String

The full Oracle Net connect descriptor string gives total flexibility over the connection.

$db = '(DESCRIPTION =

105

Connecting to Oracle Using OCI8

(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)

(HOST = mymachine.mydomain)(PORT = 1521))

(CONNECT_DATA =

(SERVER = DEDICATED)

(SERVICE_NAME = MYDB.MYDOMAIN)))';

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, $db);

The syntax can be more complex than this example, depending on the Oracle Net features

used. For example, you can enable features like load balancing and tweak packet sizes. The

Easy Connect syntax does not allow this flexibility.

Database Connect Name

You can store the connect descriptor string in a commonly used Oracle file called

tnsnames.ora and refer to it in PHP using a connect name:

# tnsnames.ora

MYD = (DESCRIPTION =

(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)

(HOST = mymachine.mydomain)(PORT = 1521))

(CONNECT_DATA =

(SERVER = DEDICATED)

(SERVICE_NAME = MYDB.MYDOMAIN)))

In PHP you would use the connect name MYD to connect to the database:

$c = oci_connect($username, $password, 'MYD');

PHP needs to be able to find the tnsnames.ora file to resolve the MYD name. The directory

paths that Oracle searches for tnsnames.ora depend on your operating system. On Linux, the

search path includes:

$TNS_ADMIN/tnsnames.ora

/etc/tnsnames.ora

$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora

If PHP was compiled using the Oracle libraries in an ORACLE_HOME-style install, then set

ORACLE_HOME before starting the web server. The pre-supplied

$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora will then automatically be found. In Oracle

Database XE, the value of $ORACLE_HOME is:

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/xe

If PHP was built with Oracle Instant Client then put tnsnames.ora in /etc, or set TNS_ADMIN to

the directory containing it prior to starting the web server.

Make sure Apache has read permissions on tnsnames.ora. In some ORACLE_HOME-style

installs, the default permissions on the file are restrictive.

106

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