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Easy PL/SQL Upgrades With Edition Based Redefinition

create table myemp (name varchar2(10), hoursworked number);

insert into myemp (name, hoursworked) values ('alison', 200);

insert into myemp (name, hoursworked) values ('kris', 200);

insert into myemp (name, hoursworked) values ('wenji', 200);

commit;

create or replace function vacationdaysleft(p_name in varchar2) return number as

vdl number;

begin

-- For every 40 hours worked, you get 1 day of vacation

select floor(hoursworked / 40) into vdl

from myemp

where myemp.name = p_name;

return vdl;

end;

Test the function in SQL*Plus by calling it:

SQL> select name, vacationdaysleft(name) from myemp;

This returns:

NAME VACATIONDAYSLEFT(NAME)

------------------------------ ----------------------

alison 5

kris 5

wenji 5

In PHP the function might be used like:

Script 95: edition1.php

<?php

oci_set_edition('ora$base');

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

$s = oci_parse($c, "begin :vdl := vacationdaysleft(:name); end;");

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":vdl", $vdl, 10);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":name", $name, 10);

$name = 'alison';

oci_execute($s);

echo "$name has ".$vdl." days vacation left\n";

This makes a simple call to the stored function and returns the number of vacation days

person $name has.

The ora$base token in oci_set_edition() means to use the root or first edition of objects,

i.e the PL/SQL function we just created. Although currently redundant because it sets the

default edition, the edition name will be changed in the next version of this file to change the

version of the vacationdaysleft() procedure being called. Instead of calling

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Using PL/SQL With OCI8

oci_set_edition() you could alternatively assign an edition to an Oracle Net service with the

DBMS_SERVICE PL/SQL procedure and set the PHP connection string to that service..

A DBA can query DBA_EDITIONS to see what editions are available in the database. An

application user can query select sys_context('USERENV', 'CURRENT_EDITION_NAME') from

dual to see the edition they are currently accessing.

The script edition1.php produces output like:

alison has 5 days vacation left

This is good. We can put the application into production and employees can start using it.

Now assume the rate used to calculate vacation hours needs to be changed so that for

every 30 hours worked, employees get one day of vacation. Also we now want the calculation

to include how many days vacation they have already taken.

First, we need a new column to store the vacation they have previously taken. Adding this

column won't affect the running PHP application since it doesn't know about it (this is a good

reminder never to do select * in an application). The new column is created and, for the

purpose of this example, populated with some arbitrary values:

Script 96: ed3.sql

-- Run as HR

alter table myemp add daysvacationtaken number;

update myemp set daysvacationtaken = 2 where name = 'alison';

update myemp set daysvacationtaken = 3 where name = 'kris';

update myemp set daysvacationtaken = 0 where name = 'wenji';

commit;

(For more complex migration scenarios the editioning feature has crossedition triggers and

editioning views to help ensure the appropriate data is used in the old and new editions.)

Now create the new version of the PL/SQL function. In SQL*Plus as HR create a new

edition:

Script 97: ed4.sql

-- Run as HR

create edition e2;

Create the updated version of the PL/SQL procedure. Because the SQL*Plus session is now

running in edition E2 this new procedure won't affect the PHP application which is running

using edition ORA$BASE:

Script 98: ed5.sql

-- Run as HR

alter session set edition = e2;

create or replace function vacationdaysleft(p_name in varchar2) return number as

vdl number;

begin

-- For every 30 hours worked, you get 1 day of vacation

select floor(hoursworked / 30) - daysvacationtaken into vdl

from myemp

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Easy PL/SQL Upgrades With Edition Based Redefinition

where myemp.name = p_name;

return vdl;

end;

Querying it shows the updated values:

SQL> select name, vacationdaysleft(name) from myemp;

NAME VACATIONDAYSLEFT(NAME)

------------------------------ ----------------------

alison 4

kris 3

wenji 6

This is all done while others users continue to use the PHP application live and get the original

results. The new PL/SQL procedure shows Alison now has only 4 days of vacation. You can run

the PHP script and check it still returns the "old" value:

alison has 5 days vacation left

Now copy the PHP file to edition2.php and change the oci_set_edition() function to set the

new edition:

Script 99: edition2.php

<?php

oci_set_edition('e2');

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

$s = oci_parse($c, "begin :vdl := vacationdaysleft(:name); end;");

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":vdl", $vdl, 10);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":name", $name, 10);

$name = 'alison';

oci_execute($s);

echo "$name has ".$vdl." days vacation left\n";;

When edition2.php is run, the output shows the updated calculation of vacation time:

alison has 4 days vacation left

You can run both edition1.php and edition2.php concurrently and they will show different

results even though the PHP application logic and the PL/SQL procedure name they call is

identical.

Oracle Database 11gR2 Edition Based Redefinition helps PHP applications meet the goals

of minimal downtime with the frequent upgrade cycle needed by web applications. It allows

PHP applications, their often complex stored logic, and large data sets to be updated ready for

rolling out in production without impacting the operation of existing users.

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Using PL/SQL With OCI8

Database Transactions Across Stateless Web Requests

The DBMS_XA package can be used to start, resume and complete database transactions.

Web applications can rely on the database to store the transaction state. If you have multiple

mid-tier web servers, this removes the need to track the state of a set of SQL operations. The

only shared information needed by each web request is a numeric key identifying the

transaction. This key should be secured and made available to the application via PHP's

session handling.

Using the TOYS table from toyshop.sql (shown in the introduction to packages at the start

of this chapter) run SQL*Plus and check the current records:

SQL> select * from toys;

ID NAME

---------- ----------------------------------------

2 ball

3 paddling pool

1 bicycle

A DBMS_XA example starts with xa1.php:

Script 100: xa1.php

<?php

$id = 123;

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

// Start a transaction, insert a Teddy Bear, and suspend the transaction

$sql =

"declare

rc pls_integer;

begin

rc := dbms_xa.xa_start(dbms_xa_xid(:id), dbms_xa.tmnoflags);

insert into toys (id, name) values (4, 'teddy bear');

rc := dbms_xa.xa_end(dbms_xa_xid(:id), dbms_xa.tmsuspend);

end;";

$s = oci_parse($c, $sql);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":id", $id);

oci_execute($s);

This script begins a transaction arbitrarily identified as 123, and inserts a new toy. For sake of

the example, the identifier value is hard coded.

Execute xa1.php:

$ php xa1.php

There is no output.

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Database Transactions Across Stateless Web Requests

In SQL*Plus check the rows in the table. The new row has not yet been committed and is

not visible yet.

The second script, xa2.php, resumes transaction number 123, inserts another new row

and commits the transaction:

Script 101: xa2.php

<?php

$id = 123;

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

// Resume the transaction, insert a Stethoscope, and commit

$sql =

"declare

rc pls_integer;

begin

rc := dbms_xa.xa_start(dbms_xa_xid(:id), dbms_xa.tmresume);

insert into toys (id, name) values (5, 'stethoscope');

rc := dbms_xa.xa_commit(dbms_xa_xid(123), true);

end;";

$s = oci_parse($c, $sql);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ":id", $id);

oci_execute($s);

Run this script (there is no output) and then use SQL*Plus to query the table:

SQL> select * from toys;

ID NAME

---------- ----------------------------------------

2 ball

3 paddling pool

4 teddy bear

5 stethoscope

1 bicycle

This shows that both new rows were inserted, even though the PHP scripts were run in

independent processes, with an unknown time frame. If you don't see the teddy bear row, you

probably took longer than 60 seconds between running xa1.php and xa2.php. This is the

default timeout before a transaction is aborted. It can be set with DBMS_XA.XA_SETTIMEOUT.

The DBMS_XA package is a convenient way to conduct transactions across the web. It

provides functionality to start, suspend, and cancel transactions. The transaction number is

the only piece of metadata that needs to be chosen and shared across web requests. This is

easily managed using standard PHP techniques such as with PHP sessions.

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Using PL/SQL With OCI8

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CHAPTER 13

SING

ARGE

BJECTS

OCI8

Oracle Character Large Object (CLOB) and Binary Large Object (BLOB) types can be used for

very large amounts of data. They can be used for table columns and as PL/SQL variables. A

pre-supplied DBMS_LOB package makes manipulation in PL/SQL easy. OCI8 LOB methods

allow storing and fetching LOB data in PHP

Oracle also has a BFILE type for large objects stored outside the database.

Working With LOBs

In successive versions, the Oracle database has made it easier to work with LOBs. Along the

way “Temporary LOBs” were added, and some string-to-LOB conversions are now transparent

so data can be handled directly as strings. Develop and test your LOB application with the

Oracle client libraries and database that will be used for deployment so you can be sure all

the expected functionality is available.

When working with large amounts of data, set memory_limit appropriately in php.ini

otherwise PHP may terminate early. When reading or writing files to disk, check if

open_basedir allows file access.

These example show BLOBs. Using CLOBs is almost identical to using BLOBs: the

descriptor type becomes OCI_D_CLOB, the bind type becomes OCI_B_CLOB, and tables must

obviously contain a CLOB column.

The examples use a table created in SQL*Plus containing a BLOB column called BLOBDATA:

SQL> create table mybtab (blobid number primary key, blobdata blob);

Note querying BLOB columns in SQL*Plus is not possible unless SQL*Plus 11g is used, where it

will display a hexadecimal version of the data. Tables with CLOB columns can be queried in all

versions of SQL*Plus. The output of BLOB and CLOB data can be controlled in SQL*Plus with

the SET LONG command. The default value of 80 means that only the first 80 characters of

data will be displayed by a query.

LOB database storage and access options can be configured at table creation time, or with

ALTER TABLE. Frequently accessed LOBs will benefit from monitoring their use and adjusting

their configuration. One common tuning step is to turn on LOB caching:

SQL> alter table mybtab modify lob (blobdata) (cache);

In Oracle 11g you can optionally create LOBs with the storage option SECUREFILE to take

advantage of LOB SecureFile features such as deduplication and compression.

Inserting and Updating LOBs

In PHP, LOBs are generally manipulated using a descriptor. PHP code to insert into MYBTAB is:

Script 102: blobinsert.php

<?php

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

233

Using Large Objects in OCI8

$myblobid = 123;

$myv = 'a very large amount of binary data';

$s = oci_parse($c, 'insert into mybtab (blobid, blobdata)

values (:myblobid, EMPTY_BLOB())

returning blobdata into :blobdata');

$lob = oci_new_descriptor($c, OCI_D_LOB);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ':myblobid', $myblobid);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ':blobdata', $lob, -1, OCI_B_BLOB);

oci_execute($s, OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT); // Don't commit so $lob->save() works

$lob->save($myv);

oci_commit($c);

$lob->close(); // close LOB descriptor to free resources

The RETURNING clause returns the Oracle LOB locator of the new row. By binding as

OCI_B_BLOB, the PHP descriptor in $lob references this locator. The $lob->save() method

then stores the data in $myv into the BLOB column. The OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT flag is used

for oci_execute() so the descriptor remains valid for the save() method. The commit

concludes the insert and makes the data visible to other database users.

If the application uploads LOB data using a web form, it can be inserted directly from the

upload directory with $lob->import($filename). PHP’s maximum allowed size for uploaded

files is set in php.ini using the upload_max_filesize parameter.

To update a LOB, use the same code with this SQL statement:

$s = oci_parse($c, 'update mybtab set

blobdata = empty_blob()

returning blobdata into :blobdata');

Fetching LOBs

When fetching a LOB, OCI8 returns a LOB descriptor. The data can be retrieved by using a

load() or read() method:

Script 103: blobfetch.php

<?php

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

$myblobid = 123;

$query = 'select blobdata from mybtab where blobid = :myblobid';

$s = oci_parse ($c, $query);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ':myblobid', $myblobid);

oci_execute($s);

$arr = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC);

if (is_object($arr['BLOBDATA'])) { // protect against a NULL LOB

$data = $arr['BLOBDATA']->load();

$arr['BLOBDATA']->free();

234

Working With LOBs

echo $data;

}

It is important to free all returned LOB locators to avoid leaks:

while (($arr = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC))) {

echo $arr['BLOBDATA']->load(); // do something with the BLOB

$arr['BLOBDATA']->free(); // cleanup before next fetch

}

If LOBS are not freed, the ABSTRACT_LOBS column in the V$TEMPORARY_LOBS table will show

increasing values.

Instead of using locators, LOB data can alternatively be returned as a string:

$arr = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_LOBS);

echo $arr['BLOBDATA'];

If the returned data is larger than expected, PHP may not be able to allocate enough memory.

To protect against this, use a locator with the read() method, which allows the data to be

fetched in chunks.

When doing SELECT … FOR UPDATE, use oci_execute($s, OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT)

otherwise you will get an ORA-01002: fetch out of sequence error when fetching the LOB.

In LOB-fetching loops it is good practice to free local PHP variables containing LOB data

before fetching the next record. This can reduce the overall memory use of PHP, because only

one LOB value needs to be held in memory at a time, instead of the original and new values:

while (($arr = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC))) {

$arr = oci_fetch_array($s, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_LOBS);

echo $arr['BLOBDATA']; // do something with the LOB

unset($arr); // free PHP's memory before fetching the next LOB.

}

Temporary LOBs

Temporary LOBs are created and maintained in the database. PHP accesses the LOB there for

reading and writing. Temporary LOBs are not persistent and are available only within the

current PHP connection. Temporary LOBs make some operations easier.

Inserting data with a Temporary LOB does not use a RETURNING INTO clause, for example:

Script 104: tempblobinsert.php

<?php

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');

$myblobid = 124;

$myv = 'a very large amount of binary data';

$s = oci_parse($c, 'insert into mybtab (blobid, blobdata)

values (:myblobid, :blobdata)');

$lob = oci_new_descriptor($c, OCI_D_LOB);

oci_bind_by_name($s, ':myblobid', $myblobid);

235

Using Large Objects in OCI8

oci_bind_by_name($s, ':blobdata', $lob, -1, OCI_B_BLOB);

$lob->writeTemporary($myv, OCI_TEMP_BLOB);

oci_execute($s, OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT);

oci_commit($c);

$lob->close(); // close lob descriptor to free resources

Temporary LOBs also simplify updating values:

$s = oci_parse($c, 'update mybtab set blobdata = :bd where blobid = :bid');

If you want to either insert a new row or update existing data if the row turns out to exist

already, the SQL statement can be changed to use an anonymous block :

$s = oci_parse($c,

'begin'

. ' insert into mybtab (blobdata, blobid) values(:blobdata, :myblobid);'

. ' exception'

. ' when dup_val_on_index then'

. ' update mybtab set blobdata = :blobdata where blobid = :myblobid;'

. 'end;');

Uploading and Displaying an Image

The script image.php shows how a JPEG image can be uploaded and inserted into the

database. After the data is inserted, it queries the image data back immediately and displays

the picture to verify the insert and query work. The same MYBTAB table as created above is

used.

Script 105: image.php

<?php

if (!isset($_FILES['lob_upload'])) {

<h1>BLOB Example - Uploading a JPEG</h1>

<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" method="POST"

enctype="multipart/form-data">

JPEG image filename: <input type="file" name="lob_upload">

</form>

<?php

} else {

$c = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/xe');

$myblobid = 1; // should really be a unique id e.g. a sequence number

// Delete any existing BLOB so the query at the bottom

// displays the new data

$sql = 'delete from mybtab where blobid = :myblobid';

$s = oci_parse ($c, $sql);

236

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