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Multidimensional Arrays

You can see from this definition that the

$products

array now contains three arrays.

To access the data in a one-dimensional array, recall that you need the name of the

array and the index of the element.A two-dimensional array is similar, except that each

element has two indices:a row and a column.(The top row is row 0, and the far-left

column is column 0.)

To display the contents of this array,you could manually access each element in order

like this:

echo ‘|’.$products[0][0].’|’.$products[0][1].’|’.$products[0][2].’|<br />’;

echo ‘|’.$products[1][0].’|’.$products[1][1].’|’.$products[1][2].’|<br />’;

echo ‘|’.$products[2][0].’|’.$products[2][1].’|’.$products[2][2].’|<br />’;

Alternatively,you could place a

for

loop inside another

for

loop to achieve the same

result:

for ( $row = 0; $row < 3; $row++ )

{

for ( $column = 0; $column < 3; $column++ )

{

echo ‘|’.$products[$row][$column];

}

echo ‘|<br />’;

}

Both versions of this code produce the same output in the browser:

|TIR|Tires|100|

|OIL|Oil|10|

|SPK|Spark Plugs|4|

The only difference between the two examples is that your code will be shorter if you

use the second version with a large array.

You might prefer to create column names instead of numbers,as shown in Figure 3.3.

To store the same set of products,with the columns named as they are in Figure 3.3, you

would use the following code:

$products = array( array( ‘Code’ => ‘TIR’,

‘Description’ => ‘Tires’,

‘Price’ => 100

array( ‘Code’ => ‘OIL’,

‘Description’ => ‘Oil’,

‘Price’ => 10

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Chapter 3 Using Arrays

array( ‘Code’ => ‘SPK’,

‘Description’ => ‘Spark Plugs’,

‘Price’ =>4

)

);

This array is easier to work with if you want to retrieve a single value.Remembering

that the description is stored in the Description column is easier than remembering it is

stored in column 1. Using descriptive indices,you do not need to remember that an

item is stored at [x][y].You can easily find your data by referring to a location with

meaningful row and column names.

You do,however,lose the ability to use a simple

for

loop to step through each col-

umn in turn.Here is one way to write code to display this array:

for ( $row = 0; $row < 3; $row++ )

{

echo ‘|’.$products[$row][‘Code’].’|’.$products[$row][‘Description’].

‘|’.$products[$row][‘Price’].’|<br />’;

}

Using a

for

loop,you can step through the outer,numerically indexed

$products

array.

Each row in the

$products

array is an array with descriptive indices.Using the

each()

and

list()

functions in a

while

loop,you can step through these inner arrays.

Therefore, you need a

while

loop inside a

for

loop:

for ( $row = 0; $row < 3; $row++ )

{

while ( list( $key, $value ) = each( $products[ $row ] ) )

{

echo “|$value”;

}

echo ‘|<br />’;

}

You do not need to stop at two dimensions. In the same way that array elements can

hold new arrays, those new arrays,in turn,can hold more arrays.

A three-dimensional array has height, width, and depth.If you are comfortable think-

ing of a two-dimensional array as a table with rows and columns,imagine a pile or deck

of those tables. Each element is referenced by its layer,row,and column.

If Bob divided his products into categories,you could use a three-dimensional array

to store them. Figure 3.4 shows Bob’s products in a three-dimensional array.

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Multidimensional Arrays

Figure 3.4 This three-dimensional array allows you to divide products into

categories.

From the code that defines this array,you can see that a three-dimensional array is an

array containing arrays of arrays:

$categories = array( array ( array( ‘CAR_TIR’, ‘Tires’, 100 ),

array( ‘CAR_OIL’, ‘Oil’, 10 ),

array( ‘CAR_SPK’, ‘Spark Plugs’, 4 )

array ( array( ‘VAN_TIR’, ‘Tires’, 120 ),

array( ‘VAN_OIL’, ‘Oil’, 12 ),

array( ‘VAN_SPK’, ‘Spark Plugs’, 5 )

array ( array( ‘TRK_TIR’, ‘Tires’, 150 ),

array( ‘TRK_OIL’, ‘Oil’, 15 ),

array( ‘TRK_SPK’, ‘Spark Plugs’, 6 )

)

);

product attribute

Tires

Oil

Spark Plugs

100

TLR

Description

Truck Parts

Price

Code

OIL

SPK

product attribute

Tires

Oil

Spark Plugs

100

TLR

Description

Van Parts

Price

Code

OIL

SPK

product attribute

Tires

Oil

Spark Plugs

100

CAR_TIR

Description

Car Parts

Price

Code

CAR_OIL

CAR_SPK

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Chapter 3 Using Arrays

Because this array has only numeric indices,you can use nested

for

loops to display its

contents:

for ( $layer = 0; $layer < 3; $layer++ )

{

echo “Layer $layer<br />”;

for ( $row = 0; $row < 3; $row++ )

{

for ( $column = 0; $column < 3; $column++ )

{

echo ‘|’.$categories[$layer][$row][$column];

}

echo ‘|<br />’;

}

Because of the way multidimensional arrays are created, you could create four-,five-,or

even six-dimensional arrays.There is no language limit to the number of dimensions, but

it is difficult for people to visualize constructs with more than three dimensions.Most

real-world problems match logically with constructs of three or fewer dimensions.

Sorting Arrays

Sorting related data stored in an array is often useful.You can easily take a one-dimensional

array and sort it into order.

Using sort()

The following code showing the

sort()

function results in the array being sorted into

ascending alphabetical order:

$products = array( ‘Tires’, ‘Oil’, ‘Spark Plugs’ );

sort($products);

The array elements will now appear in the order

Oil

Spark Plugs

Tires

You can sort values by numerical order,too.If you have an array containing the

prices of Bob’s products,you can sort it into ascending numeric order as follows:

$prices = array( 100, 10, 4 );

sort($prices);

The prices will now appear in the order 4,10,100.

Note that the

sort()

function is case sensitive.All capital letters come before all low-

ercase letters.So A is less than Z,but Z is less than a.

The function also has an optional second parameter.You may pass one of the con-

stants

SORT_REGULAR

(the default),

SORT_NUMERIC

,or

SORT_STRING

.The ability to specify

the sort type is useful when you are comparing strings that might contain numbers,for

example,2 and 12.Numerically,2 is less than 12, but as strings

‘12’

is less than

‘2’

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Sorting Multidimensional Arrays

Using asort() and ksort() to Sort Arrays

If you are using an array with descriptive keys to store items and their prices,you need to

use different kinds of sort functions to keep keys and values together as they are sorted.

The following code creates an array containing the three products and their associated

prices and then sorts the array into ascending price order:

$prices = array( ‘Tires’=>100, ‘Oil’=>10, ‘Spark Plugs’=>4 );

asort($prices);

The function

asort()

orders the array according to the value of each element. In the

array,the values are the prices,and the keys are the textual descriptions.If,instead of

sorting by price,you want to sort by description,you can use

ksort()

,which sorts by

key rather than value.The following code results in the keys of the array being ordered

alphabetically—

Oil

Spark Plugs

Tires:

$prices = array( ‘Tires’=>100, ‘Oil’=>10, ‘Spark Plugs’=>4 );

ksort($prices);

Sorting in Reverse

The three different sorting functions—

sort()

asort()

,and

ksort()

—sort an array

into ascending order. Each function has a matching reverse sort function to sort an array

into descending order.The reverse versions are called

rsort()

arsort()

,and

krsort()

You use the reverse sort functions in the same way you use the ascending sort func-

tions.The

rsort()

function sorts a single-dimensional numerically indexed array into

descending order.The

arsort()

function sorts a one-dimensional array into descending

order using the value of each element.The

krsort()

function sorts a one-dimensional

array into descending order using the key of each element.

Sorting Multidimensional Arrays

Sorting arrays with more than one dimension,or by something other than alphabetical

or numerical order,is more complicated. PHP knows how to compare two numbers or

two text strings, but in a multidimensional array, each element is an array.PHP does not

know how to compare two arrays,so you need to create a method to compare them.

Most of the time,the order of the words or numbers is fairly obvious,but for complicat-

ed objects, it becomes more problematic.

User-Defined Sorts

The following is the definition of a two-dimensional array used earlier.This array stores

Bob’s three products with a code,a description,and a price for each:

$products = array( array( ‘TIR’, ‘Tires’, 100 ),

array( ‘OIL’, ‘Oil’, 10 ),

array( ‘SPK’, ‘Spark Plugs’, 4 ) );

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Chapter 3 Using Arrays

If you sort this array, in what order will the values appear? Because you know what the

contents represent,there are at least two useful orders.You might want the products sort-

ed into alphabetical order using the description or by numeric order by the price. Either

result is possible,but you need to use the function

usort()

and tell PHP how to com-

pare the items.To do this, you need to write your own comparison function.

The following code sorts this array into alphabetical order using the second column

in the array—the description:

function compare($x, $y)

{

if ( $x[1] == $y[1] )

return 0;

else if ( $x[1] < $y[1] )

return -1;

else

return 1;

}

usort($products, ‘compare’);

So far in this book,you have called a number of the built-in PHP functions.To sort this

array,you need to define a function of your own.We examine writing functions in detail

in Chapter 5,“Reusing Code and Writing Functions,” but here is a brief introduction.

You define a function by using the keyword

function

.You need to give the function

a name.Names should be meaningful,so you can call it

compare()

for this example.

Many functions take parameters or arguments.This

compare()

function takes two:one

called

and one called

.The purpose of this function is to take two values and deter-

mine their order.

For this example,the

and

parameters are two of the arrays within the main

array,each representing one product.To access the

Description

of the array

,you

type

$x[1]

because the

Description

is the second element in these arrays, and number-

ing starts at zero.You use

$x[1]

and

$y[1]

to compare each

Description

from the

arrays passed into the function.

When a function ends,it can give a reply to the code that called it.This process is

called returning a value.To return a value,you use the keyword

return

in the function.

For example,the line

return 1;

sends the value

back to the code that called the

function.

To be used by

usort()

,the

compare()

function must compare

and

.The func-

tion must return

equals

,a negative number if it is less, or a positive number if

it is greater.The function will return

,or

-1

,depending on the values of

and

The final line of code calls the built-in function

usort()

with the array you want

sorted (

$products

) and the name of the comparison function (

compare()

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Sorting Multidimensional Arrays

If you want the array sorted into another order,you can simply write a different

comparison function.To sort by price,you need to look at the third column in the array

and create this comparison function:

function compare($x, $y)

{

if ( $x[2] == $y[2] )

return 0;

else if ( $x[2] < $y[2] )

return -1;

else

return 1;

}

When

usort($products, ‘compare’)

is called, the array is placed in ascending order

by price.

The u in

usort()

stands for user because this function requires a user-defined com-

parison function.The

uasort()

and

uksort()

versions of

asort

and

ksort

also require

user-defined comparison functions.

Similar to

asort()

uasort()

should be used when sorting a non-numerically

indexed array by value.Use

asort

if your values are simple numbers or text.Define a

comparison function and use

uasort()

if your values are more complicated objects such

as arrays.

Similar to

ksort()

uksort()

should be used when sorting a non-numerically

indexed array by key.Use

ksort

if your keys are simple numbers or text.Define a com-

parison function and use

uksort()

if your keys are more complicated objects such as

arrays.

Reverse User Sorts

The functions

sort()

asort()

,and

ksort()

all have a matching reverse sorts with an r

in the function name.The user-defined sorts do not have reverse variants,but you can

sort a multidimensional array into reverse order.Because you provide the comparison

function,you can write a comparison function that returns the opposite values.To sort

into reverse order,the function needs to return

is less than

and

-1

greater than

.For example,

function reverse_compare($x, $y)

{

if ( $x[2] == $y[2] )

return 0;

else if ( $x[2] < $y[2] )

return 1;

else

return -1;

}

Chapter 3 Using Arrays

Calling

usort($products, ‘reverse_compare’)

would now result in the array being

placed in descending order by price.

Reordering Arrays

For some applications,you might want to manipulate the order of the array in other

ways.The function

shuffle()

randomly reorders the elements of your array.The func-

tion

array_reverse()

gives you a copy of your array with all the elements in reverse

order.

Using shuffle()

Bob wants to feature a small number of his products on the front page of his site.He has

a large number of products but would like three randomly selected items shown on the

front page. So that repeat visitors do not get bored,he would like the three chosen prod-

ucts to be different for each visit.He can easily accomplish his goal if all his products are

in an array. Listing 3.1 displays three randomly chosen pictures by shuffling the array into

a random order and then displaying the first three.

Listing 3.1 bobs_front_page.php—Using PHP to Produce a Dynamic Front Page

for Bob’s Auto Parts

<?php

$pictures = array(‘tire.jpg’, ‘oil.jpg’, ‘spark_plug.jpg’,

‘door.jpg’, ‘steering_wheel.jpg’,

‘thermostat.jpg’, ‘wiper_blade.jpg’,

‘gasket.jpg’, ‘brake_pad.jpg’);

shuffle($pictures);

<html>

<head>

<title>Bob’s Auto Parts</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Bob’s Auto Parts</h1>

<tr>

<?php

for ( $i = 0; $i < 3; $i++ )

{

echo ‘<td align=”center”><img src=”’;

echo $pictures[$i];

echo ‘“ width=”100” height=”100”></td>’;

Reordering Arrays

}

</tr>

</table>

</center>

</body>

</html>

Because the code selects random pictures,it produces a different page nearly every time

you load it,as shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 The

shuffle()

function enables you to feature three randomly

chosen products.

In older versions of PHP,the

shuffle()

function required that you seed the random

number generator first by calling

srand()

.This step is no longer required.

The

shuffle()

function has not had a very illustrious history.In older versions of

PHP,it did not shuffle very well,giving a result that was not very random.In version

4.2.x on Windows,for instance,it did not shuffle at all,giving a result that was exactly

what you started with.In version 5,it seems to work.If this function is important to

you,test it on your server before employing it in your applications.

Because you do not really need the whole array reordered,you can achieve the same

result using the function

array_rand()

Listing 3.1 Continued

Chapter 3 Using Arrays

Using array_reverse()

The function

array_reverse()

takes an array and creates a new one with the same

contents in reverse order.For example,there are a number of ways to create an array

containing a countdown from 10 to 1.

Using

range()

usually creates an ascending sequence,which you could place in

descending order using

array

reverse()

rsort()

.Alternatively,you could create the

array one element at a time by writing a

for

loop:

$numbers = array();

for($i=10; $i>0; $i--)

array_push( $numbers, $i );

for

loop can go in descending order like this:You set the starting value high and at

the end of each loop use the

operator to decrease the counter by one.

Here, you create an empty array and then use

array_push()

for each element to add

one new element to the end of an array.As a side note,the opposite of

array_push()

array_pop()

.This function removes and returns one element from the end of an array.

Alternatively,you can use the

array_reverse()

function to reverse the array created

range()

$numbers = range(1,10);

$numbers = array_reverse($numbers);

Note that

array_reverse()

returns a modified copy of the array. If you do not

want the original array,as in this example,you can simply store the new copy over the

original.

If your data is just a range of integers, you can create it in reverse order by passing –1

as the optional step parameter to

range()

$numbers = range(10, 1, -1);

Loading Arrays from Files

In Chapter 2,“Storing and Retrieving Data,”you learned how to store customer orders

in a file.Each line in the file looked something like this:

15:42, 20th April 4 tires 1 oil 6 spark plugs $434.00 22 Short St, Smalltown

To process or fulfill this order, you could load it back into an array.Listing 3.2 displays

the current order file.

Listing 3.2 vieworders.php— Using PHP to Display Orders for Bob

<?php

//create short variable name

$DOCUMENT_ROOT = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’];

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