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Next, depending on your settings for the

short_open_tag

configuration directive, trying to

print the XML declaration may accidentally turn on PHP processing. Since the

<?xml

version="1.0"?>

is the short PHP open tag, to print the declaration to the browser you

need to either disable the directive or print the line from within PHP. We do the latter in the

Solution.

Last, entities must be escaped. For example, the

in the show

Law & Order

needs to be

. Call

htmlspecialchars( )

to escape your data.

The output from the example in the Solution is:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<shows>

<show>

<name>Simpsons</name>

</show>

<show>

<name>Law & Order</name>

</show>

</shows>

12.2.4 See Also

Recipe 12.3

for generating XML using DOM; Recipe 12.4

for reading XML with DOM;

documentation on

htmlspecialchars( )

at http://www.php.net/htmlspecialchars

Recipe 12.3 Generating XML with the DOM

12.3.1 Problem

You want to generate XML but want to do it in an organized way instead of using

and

loops.

12.3.2 Solution

Use PHP's DOM XML extension to create a DOM object; then, call

dump_mem( )

dump_file( )

to generate a well-formed XML document:

// create a new document

$dom = domxml_new_doc('1.0');

// create the root element, <book>, and append it to the document

$book = $dom->append_child($dom->create_element('book'));

// create the title element and append it to $book

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$title = $book->append_child($dom->create_element('title'));

// set the text and the cover attribute for $title

$title->append_child($dom->create_text_node('PHP Cookbook'));

$title->set_attribute('cover', 'soft');

// create and append author elements to $book

$sklar = $book->append_child($dom->create_element('author'));

// create and append the text for each element

$sklar->append_child($dom->create_text_node('Sklar'));

$trachtenberg = $book->append_child($dom->create_element('author'));

$trachtenberg->append_child($dom->create_text_node('Trachtenberg'));

// print a nicely formatted version of the DOM document as XML

echo $dom->dump_mem(true);

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<book>

<title cover="soft">PHP Cookbook</title>

<author>Sklar</author>

<author>Trachtenberg</author>

</book>

12.3.3 Discussion

A single element is known as a node . Nodes can be of a dozen different types, but the three

most popular are elements, attributes, and text. Given this:

<book cover="soft">PHP Cookbook</book>

PHP's DOM XML functions refer to

book

as type

XML_ELEMENT_NODE

cover="soft"

maps

to an

XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE

, and

PHP Cookbook

is a

XML_TEXT_NODE

For DOM parsing, PHP uses libxml, developed for the Gnome project. You can download it from

http://www.xmlsoft.org

. To activate it, configure PHP with

--with-dom

The revamped PHP 4.3 DOM XML functions follow a pattern. You create an object as either an

element or a text node, add and set any attributes you want, and then append it to the tree in

the spot it belongs.

Before creating elements, create a new document, passing the XML version as the sole

argument:

$dom = domxml_new_doc('1.0');

Now create new elements belonging to the document. Despite being associated with a specific

document, nodes don't join the document tree until appended:

$book_element = $dom->create_element('book');

$book = $dom->append_child($book_element);

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Here a new

book

element is created and assigned to the object

$book_element

. To create

the document root, append

$book_element

as a child of the

$dom

document. The result,

$book

, refers to the specific element and its location within the DOM object.

All nodes are created by calling a method on

$dom

. Once a node is created, it can be

appended to any element in the tree. The element from which we call the

append_child( )

method determines the location in the tree where the node is placed. In the previous case,

$book_element

is appended to

$dom

. The element appended to

$dom

is the top-level node,

or the root node.

You can also append a new child element to

$book

. Since

$book

is a child of

$dom

, the new

element is, by extension, a grandchild of

$dom

$title_element = $dom->create_element('title');

$title = $book->append_child($title_element);

By calling

$book->append_child( )

, this code places the

$title_element

element under

the

$book

element.

To add the text inside the

tags, create a text node using

create_text_node( )

and append it to

$title

$text_node = $dom->create_text_node('PHP Cookbook');

$title->append_child($text_node);

Since

$title

is already added to the document, there's no need to reappend it to

$book

The order in which you append children to nodes isn't important. The following four lines,

which first append the text node to

$title_element

and then to

$book

, are equivalent to

the previous code:

$title_element = $dom->create_element('title');

$text_node = $dom->create_text_node('PHP Cookbook');

$title_element->append_child($text_node);

$book->append_child($title_element);

To add an attribute, call

set_attribute( )

upon a node, passing the attribute name and

value as arguments:

$title->set_attribute('cover', 'soft');

If you print the title element now, it looks like this:

<title cover="soft">PHP Cookbook</title>

Once you're finished, you can output the document as a string or to a file:

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// put the string representation of the XML document in $books

$books = $dom->dump_mem( );

// write the XML document to books.xml

$dom->dump_file('books.xml', false, true);

The only parameter

dump_mem( )

takes is an optional boolean value. An empty value or

false

means "return the string as one long line." A

true

value causes the XML to be nicely

formatted with child nodes indented, like this:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<book>

<title cover="soft">PHP Cookbook</title>

</book>

You can pass up to three values to

dump_file( )

. The first one, which is mandatory, is the

filename. The second is whether the file should be compressed with gzip. The final value is the

same pretty formatting option as

dump_mem( )

12.3.4 See Also

Recipe 12.2

for writing XML without DOM; Recipe 12.4

for parsing XML with DOM;

documentation on

domxml_new_dom( )

at http://www.php.net/domxml-new-dom

and the

DOM functions in general at http://www.php.net/domxml

; more information about the

underlying DOM C library at http://xmlsoft.org/

Recipe 12.4 Parsing XML with the DOM

12.4.1 Problem

You want to parse an XML file using the DOM API. This puts the file into a tree, which you can

process using DOM functions. With the DOM, it's easy to search for and retrieve elements that

fit a certain set of criteria.

12.4.2 Solution

Use PHP's DOM XML extension. Here's how to read XML from a file:

$dom = domxml_open_file('books.xml');

Here's how to read XML from a variable:

$dom = domxml_open_mem($books);

You can also get just a single node. Here's how to get the root node:

$root = $dom->document_element( );

Here's how to do a depth-first recursion to process all the nodes in a document:

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function process_node($node) {

if ($node->has_child_nodes( )) {

foreach($node->child_nodes( ) as $n) {

process_node($n);

}

// process leaves

if ($node->node_type( ) = = XML_TEXT_NODE) {

$content = rtrim($node->node_value( ));

if (!empty($content)) {

print "$content\n";

}

process_node($root);

12.4.3 Discussion

The W3C's DOM provides a platform- and language-neutral method that specifies the structure

and content of a document. Using the DOM, you can read an XML document into a tree of

nodes and then maneuver through the tree to locate information about a particular element or

elements that match your criteria. This is called tree-based parsing . In contrast, the non-DOM

XML functions allow you to do event-based parsing.

Additionally, you can modify the structure by creating, editing, and deleting nodes. In fact,

you can use the DOM XML functions to author a new XML document from scratch; see Recipe

12.3

One of the major advantages of the DOM is that by following the W3C's specification, many

languages implement DOM functions in a similar manner. Therefore, the work of translating

logic and instructions from one application to another is considerably simplified. PHP 4.3

comes with an updated series of DOM functions that are in stricter compliance with the DOM

standard than previous versions of PHP. However, the functions are not yet 100% compliant.

Future PHP versions should bring a closer alignment, but this may break some applications

that need minor updates. Check the DOM XML material in the online PHP Manual at

http://www.php.net/domxml

for changes. Functions available in earlier versions of PHP are

available, but deprecated.

The DOM is large and complex. For more information, read the specification at

http://www.w3.org/DOM/

or pick up a copy of XML in a Nutshell; Chapter 18

discusses the

DOM.

For DOM parsing, PHP uses libxml, developed for the Gnome project. You can download it from

http://www.xmlsoft.org

. To activate it, configure PHP with

--with-dom

DOM functions in PHP are object-oriented. To move from one node to another, call methods

such as

$node->child_nodes( )

, which returns an array of node objects, and

$node-

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>parent_node( )

, which returns the parent node object. Therefore, to process a node,

check its type and call a corresponding method:

// $node is the DOM parsed node <book cover="soft">PHP Cookbook</book>

$type = $node->node_type();

switch($type) {

case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:

// I'm a tag. I have a tagname property.

print $node->node_name(); // prints the tagname property: "book"

print $node->node_value(); // null

break;

case XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE:

// I'm an attribute. I have a name and a value property.

print $node->node_name(); // prints the name property: "cover"

print $node->node_value(); // prints the value property: "soft"

break;

case XML_TEXT_NODE:

// I'm a piece of text inside an element.

// I have a name and a content property.

print $node->node_name(); // prints the name property: "#text"

print $node->node_value(); // prints the content property: "PHP

Cookbook"

break;

default:

// another type

break;

}

To automatically search through a DOM tree for specific elements, use

get_elements_by_tagname( )

. Here's how to do so with multiple book records:

<books>

<book>

<title>PHP Cookbook</title>

<author>Sklar</author>

<author>Trachtenberg</author>

</book>

<book>

<title>Perl Cookbook</title>

<author>Christiansen</author>

<author>Torkington</author>

</book>

</books>

Here's how to find all authors:

// find and print all authors

$authors = $dom->get_elements_by_tagname('author');

// loop through author elements

foreach ($authors as $author) {

// child_nodes( ) hold the author values

$text_nodes = $author->child_nodes( );

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foreach ($text_nodes as $text) {

print $text->node_value( );

}

print "\n";

}

The

get_elements_by_tagname( )

function returns an array of element node objects. By

looping through each element's children, you can get to the text node associated with that

element. From there, you can pull out the node values, which in this case are the names of

the book authors, such as

Sklar

and

Trachtenberg

12.4.4 See Also

Recipe 12.2

for writing XML without DOM; Recipe 12.3

for writing XML with DOM; Recipe 12.5

for event-based XML parsing; documentation on

domxml_open_file( )

http://www.php.net/domxml-open-file

domxml_open_mem( )

http://www.php.net/domxml-open-mem

, and the DOM functions in general at

http://www.php.net/domxml

; more information about the underlying DOM C library at

http://xmlsoft.org/

Recipe 12.5 Parsing XML with SAX

12.5.1 Problem

You want to parse an XML document and format it on an event basis, such as when the parser

encounters a new opening or closing element tag. For instance, you want to turn an RSS feed

into HTML.

12.5.2 Solution

Use the parsing functions in PHP's XML extension:

$xml = xml_parser_create();

$obj = new Parser_Object; // a class to assist with parsing

xml_set_object($xml,$obj);

xml_set_element_handler($xml, 'start_element', 'end_element');

xml_set_character_data_handler($xml, 'character_data');

xml_parser_set_option($xml, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, false);

$fp = fopen('data.xml', 'r') or die("Can't read XML data.");

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {

xml_parse($xml, $data, feof($fp)) or die("Can't parse XML data");

}

fclose($fp);

xml_parser_free($xml);

12.5.3 Discussion

These XML parsing functions require the expat library. However, because Apache 1.3.7 and

later is bundled with expat, this library is already installed on most machines. Therefore, PHP

enables these functions by default, and you don't need to explicitly configure PHP to support

XML.

expat parses XML documents and allows you to configure the parser to call functions when it

encounters different parts of the file, such as an opening or closing element tag or character

data (the text between tags). Based on the tag name, you can then choose whether to format

or ignore the data. This is known as event-based parsing and contrasts with DOM XML, which

use a tree-based parser.

A popular API for event-based XML parsing is SAX: Simple API for XML. Originally developed

only for Java, SAX has spread to other languages. PHP's XML functions follow SAX

conventions. For more on the latest version of SAX — SAX2 — see SAX2 by David Brownell

(O'Reilly).

PHP supports two interfaces to expat: a procedural one and an object-oriented one. Since the

procedural interface practically forces you to use global variables to accomplish any

meaningful task, we prefer the object-oriented version. With the object-oriented interface, you

can bind an object to the parser and interact with the object while processing XML. This allows

you to use object properties instead of global variables.

Here's an example application of expat that shows how to process an RSS feed and transform

it into HTML. For more on RSS, see Recipe 12.12

. The script starts with the standard XML

processing code, followed by the objects created to parse RSS specifically:

$xml = xml_parser_create( );

$rss = new pc_RSS_parser;

xml_set_object($xml, $rss);

xml_set_element_handler($xml, 'start_element', 'end_element');

xml_set_character_data_handler($xml, 'character_data');

xml_parser_set_option($xml, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, false);

$feed = 'http://pear.php.net/rss.php';

$fp = fopen($feed, 'r') or die("Can't read RSS data.");

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {

xml_parse($xml, $data, feof($fp)) or die("Can't parse RSS data");

}

fclose($fp);

xml_parser_free($xml);

After creating a new XML parser and an instance of the

pc_RSS_parser

class, configure the

parser. First, bind the object to the parser; this tells the parser to call the object's methods

instead of global functions. Then call

xml_set_element_handler( )

and

xml_set_character_data_handler( )

to specify the method names the parser should

call when it encounters elements and character data. The first argument to both functions is

the parser instance; the other arguments are the function names. With

xml_set_element_handler( )

, the middle and last arguments are the functions to call

when a tag opens and closes, respectively. The

xml_set_character_data_handler( )

function takes only one additional argument — the function to call when it processes character

data.

Because an object has been associated with our parser, when that parser finds the string

, it calls

$rss->start_element( )

when it reaches

<tag>

;

$rss-

>character_data( )

when it reaches

data

; and

$rss->end_element( )

when it reaches

</tag>

. The parser can't be configured to automatically call individual methods for each

specific tag; instead, you must handle this yourself. However, the PEAR package

XML_Transform

provides an easy way to assign handlers on a tag-by-by basis.

The last XML parser configuration option tells the parser not to automatically convert all tags

to uppercase. By default, the parser folds tags into capital letters, so

<tag>

and

<TAG>

both

become the same element. Since XML is case-sensitive, and most feeds use lowercase

element names, this feature should be disabled.

With the parser configured, feed the data to the parser:

$feed = 'http://pear.php.net/rss.php';

$fp = fopen($feed, 'r') or die("Can't read RSS data.");

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {

xml_parse($xml, $data, feof($fp)) or die("Can't parse RSS data");

}

fclose($fp);

In order to curb memory usage, load the file in 4096-byte chunks, and feed each piece to the

parser one at a time. This requires you to write the handler functions that will accommodate

text arriving in multiple calls and not assume the entire string comes in all at once.

Last, while PHP cleans up any open parsers when the request ends, you can also manually

close the parser by calling

xml_parser_free( )

Now that the generic parsing is properly set up, add the

pc_RSS_item

and

pc_RSS_parser

classes, as shown in Examples Example 12-1

and Example 12-2

, to handle a RSS document.

Example 12-1. pc_RSS_item

class pc_RSS_item {

var $title = '';

var $description = '';

var $link = '';

function display() {

printf('<p><a href="%s">%s</a><br />%s</p>',

$this->link,htmlspecialchars($this->title),

htmlspecialchars($this->description));

}

Example 12-2. pc_RSS_parser

class pc_RSS_parser {

var $tag;

var $item;

function start_element($parser, $tag, $attributes) {

if ('item' == $tag) {

$this->item = new pc_RSS_item;

} elseif (!empty($this->item)) {

$this->tag = $tag;

}

function end_element($parser, $tag) {

if ('item' == $tag) {

$this->item->display();

unset($this->item);

}

function character_data($parser, $data) {

if (!empty($this->item)) {

if (isset($this->item->{$this->tag})) {

$this->item->{$this->tag} .= trim($data);

}

The

pc_RSS_item

class provides an interface to an individual feed item. This removes the

details of displaying each item from the general parsing code and makes it easy to reset the

data for a new item by calling

unset( )

The

pc_RSS_item::display( )

method prints out an HTML-formatted RSS item. It calls

htmlspecialchars( )

to reencode any necessary entities, because expat decodes them

into regular characters while parsing the document. This reencoding, however, breaks on

feeds that place HTML in the title and description instead of plaintext.

Within

pc_RSS_parser( )

, the

start_element( )

method takes three parameters: the

XML parser, the name of the tag, and an array of attribute/value pairs (if any) from the

element. PHP automatically supplies these values to the handler as part of the parsing

process.

The

start_element( )

method checks the value of

$tag

. If it's

item

, the parser's found a

new RSS item, and a new

pc_RSS_item

object is instantiated. Otherwise, it checks to see if

$this->item

empty( )

; if it isn't, the parser is inside an

item

element. It's then

necessary to record the tag's name, so that the

character_data( )

method knows which

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