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// add body parts

$text = 'Text version of email';

$mime->setTXTBody($text);

$html = '<html><body>HTML version of email</body></html>';

$mime->setHTMLBody($html);

$file = '/path/to/file.png';

$mime->addAttachment($file, 'image/png');

// get MIME formatted message headers and body

$headers = $mime->headers($headers);

$body = $mime->get();

$message =& Mail::factory('mail');

$message->send($to, $headers, $body);

17.3.3 Discussion

PEAR's

Mail_mime

class provides an object-oriented interface to all the behind-the-scenes

details involved in creating an email message that contains both text and HTML parts. The

class is similar to PEAR's

Mail

class, but instead of defining the body as a string of text, you

create a

Mail_mime

object and call its methods to add parts to the body:

// create MIME object

$mime = new Mail_mime;

// add body parts

$text = 'Text version of email';

$mime->setTXTBody($text);

$html = '<html><body>HTML version of email</body></html>';

$mime->setHTMLBody($html);

$file = '/path/to/file.txt';

$mime->addAttachment($file, 'text/plain');

// get MIME formatted message headers and body

$headers = $mime->headers($headers);

$body = $mime->get();

The

Mail_mime::setTXTBody( )

and

Mail_mime::setHTMLBody( )

methods add the

plaintext and HTML body parts, respectively. Here, we pass in variables, but you can also pass

a filename for

Mail_mime

to read. To use this option, pass

true

as the second parameter:

$text = '/path/to/email.txt';

$mime->setTXTBody($text, true);

To add an attachment to the message, such as a graphic or an archive, call

Mail_mime::addAttachment( )

$file = '/path/to/file.png';

$mime->addAttachment($file,'image/png');

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Pass the function to the location to the file and its MIME type.

Once the message is complete, do the final preparation and send it out:

// get MIME formatted message headers and body

$headers = $mime->headers($headers);

$body = $mime->get( );

$message =& Mail::factory('mail');

$message->send($to, $headers, $body);

First, you have the

Mail_mime

object provide properly formatted headers and body. You then

use the parent

Mail

class to format the message and send it out with

Mail_mime::send( )

17.3.4 See Also

Section 17.2

for sending regular email; Section 17.4

for more on retrieving mail; the PEAR

Mail_Mime

class at http://pear.php.net/package-info.php?package=Mail_Mime

Recipe 17.4 Reading Mail with IMAP or POP3

17.4.1 Problem

You want to read mail using IMAP or POP3, which allows you to create a web-based email

client.

17.4.2 Solution

Use PHP's IMAP extension, which speaks both IMAP and POP3:

// open IMAP connection

$mail = imap_open('{mail.server.com:143}', 'username', 'password');

// or, open POP3 connection

$mail = imap_open('{mail.server.com:110/pop3}', 'username', 'password');

// grab a list of all the mail headers

$headers = imap_headers($mail);

// grab a header object for the last message in the mailbox

$last = imap_num_msg($mail);

$header = imap_header($mail, $last);

// grab the body for the same message

$body = imap_body($mail, $last);

// close the connection

imap_close($mail);

17.4.3 Discussion

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The underlying library PHP uses to support IMAP and POP3 offers a seemingly unending

number of features that allow you to essentially write an entire mail client. With all those

features, however, comes complexity. In fact, there are currently 63 different functions in PHP

beginning with the word

imap

, and that doesn't take into account that some also speak POP3

and NNTP.

However, the basics of talking with a mail server are straightforward. Like many features in

PHP, you begin by opening the connection and grabbing a handle:

$mail = imap_open('{mail.server.com:143}', 'username', 'password');

This opens an IMAP connection to the server named mail.server.com on port 143. It also

passes along a username and password as the second and third arguments.

To open a POP3 connection instead, append

/pop3

to the end of the server and port. Since

POP3 usually runs on port 110, add

:110

after the server name:

$mail = imap_open('{mail.server.com:110/pop3}', 'username', 'password');

To encrypt your connection with SSL, add

/ssl

on to the end, just as you did with

pop3

. You

also need to make sure your PHP installation is built with the

--with-imap-ssl

configuration

option in addition to

--with-imap

. Also, you need to build the system IMAP library itself with

SSL support. If you're using a self-signed certificate and wish to prevent an attempted

validation, also add

/novalidate-cert

. Finally, most SSL connections talk on either port

993 or 995. All these options can come in any order, so the following is perfectly legal:

$mail = imap_open('{mail.server.com:993/novalidate-cert/pop3/ssl}',

'username', 'password');

Surrounding a variable with curly braces inside of a double-quoted string, such as

{$var}

, is

a way to tell PHP exactly which variable to interpolate. Therefore, to use interpolated variables

in this first parameter to

imap_open( )

, escape the opening

{

$server = 'mail.server.com';

$port = 993;

$mail = imap_open("\{$server:$port}", 'username', 'password');

Once you've opened a connection, you can ask the mail server a variety of questions. To get a

listing of all the messages in your inbox, use

imap_headers( )

$headers = imap_headers($mail);

This returns an array in which each element is a formatted string corresponding to a message:

A 189) 5-Aug-2002 Beth Hondl an invitation (1992 chars)

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Alternatively, to retrieve a specific message, use

imap_header( )

and

imap_body( )

pull the header object and body string:

$header = imap_header($message_number);

$body = imap_body($message_number);

The

imap_header( )

function returns an object with many fields. Useful ones include

subject

fromaddress

, and

udate

. All the fields are listed in Table 17-2

in Section 17.6

The

body

element is just a string, but, if the message is a multipart message, such as one

that contains both a HTML and a plain-text version,

$body

holds both parts and the MIME

lines describing them:

------=_Part_1046_3914492.1008372096119

Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii

Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Plain-Text Message

------=_Part_1046_3914492.1008372096119

Content-Type: text/html

Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

<html>HTML Message</html>

------=_Part_1046_3914492.1008372096119--

To avoid this occurrence, use

imap_fetchstructure( )

in combination with

imap_fetchbody( )

to discover how the body is formatted and to extract just the parts you

want:

// pull the plain text for message $n

$st = imap_fetchstructure($mail, $n);

if (!empty($st->parts)) {

for ($i = 0, $j = count($st->parts); $i < $j; $i++) {

$part = $st->parts[$i];

if ($part->subtype == 'PLAIN') {

$body = imap_fetchbody($mail, $n, $i+1);

}

} else {

$body = imap_body($mail, $n));

}

If a message has multiple parts,

$st->parts

holds an array of objects describing them. The

part

property holds an integer describing the main body MIME type. Table 17-1

lists which

numbers go with which MIME types. The

subtype

property holds the MIME subtype and tells

if the part is

plain

html

png

, or another type, such as

octet-stream

Table 17-1. IMAP MIME type values

Number MIME type

PHP constant

Description

Examples

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text

TYPETEXT

Unformatted text

Plain text, HTML, XML

multipart

TYPEMULTIPART

Multipart message

Mixed, form data, signed

message

TYPEMESSAGE

Encapsulated message News, HTTP

application

TYPEAPPLICATION

Application data

Octet stream, PDF, Zip

audio

TYPEAUDIO

Music file

MP3, RealAudio

image

TYPEIMAGE

Graphic image

GIF, JPEG, PNG

video

TYPEVIDEO

Video clip

MPEG, Quicktime

other

TYPEOTHER

Everything else

VRML models

17.4.4 See Also

Section 17.2

and Section 17.4

for more on sending mail; documentation on

imap_open( )

http://www.php.net/imap_open

imap_header( )

at http://www.php.net/imap-header

imap-body( )

at http://www.php.net/imap-body

, and IMAP in general at

http://www.php.net/imap

Recipe 17.5 Posting Messages to Usenet Newsgroups

17.5.1 Problem

You want to post a message to a Usenet newsgroup, such as comp.lang.php.

17.5.2 Solution

Use

imap_mail_compose( )

to format the message, then write the message to the server

using sockets:

$headers['from'] = 'adam@example.com';

$headers['subject'] = 'New Version of PHP Released!';

$headers['custom_headers'][] = 'Newsgroups: comp.lang.php';

$body[0]['type'] = TYPETEXT;

$body[0]['subtype'] = 'plain';

$body[0]['contents.data'] = 'Go to http://www.php.net and download it

today!';

$post = imap_mail_compose($headers, $body);

$server = 'nntp.example.com';

$port = 119;

$sh = fsockopen($server, $port) or die ("Can't connect to $server.");

fputs($sh, "POST\r\n");

fputs($sh, $post);

fputs($sh, ".\r\n");

fclose($sh);

17.5.3 Discussion

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No built-in PHP functions can post a message to a newsgroup. Therefore, you must open a

direct socket connection to the news server and send the commands to post the message.

However, you can use

imap_mail_compose( )

to format a post and create the headers and

body for the message. Every message must have three headers: the

From

: address, the

message

Subject

:, and the name of the newsgroup:

$headers['from'] = 'adam@example.com';

$headers['subject'] = 'New Version of PHP Released!';

$headers['custom_headers'][ ] = 'Newsgroups: comp.lang.php';

Create an array,

$headers

, to hold the message headers. You can directly assign the values

for the

From

: and

Subject

: headers, but you can't do so for the

Newsgroups

: header.

Because

imap_mail_compose( )

is most frequently used to create email messages, the

Newsgroups

: header is not a predefined header. To work around this, you must instead add it

with the

custom_headers

array element.

There is a different syntax for the

custom_headers

. Instead of placing the lowercase header

name as the element name and the header value as the array value, place the entire header

as an array value. Between the header name and value, add a colon followed by a space. Be

sure to correctly spell

Newsgroups

: with a capital

and final

The message body can contain multiple parts. As a result, the body parameter passed to

imap_mail_compose( )

is an array of arrays. In the Solution, there was only one part, so

we directly assign values to

$body[0]

$body[0]['type'] = TYPETEXT;

$body[0]['subtype'] = 'plain';

$body[0]['contents.data'] = 'Go to http://www.php.net and download it

today!';

Each message part needs a MIME type and subtype. This message is ASCII, so the type is

TYPETEXT

, and the subtype is

plain

. Refer back to Table 17-1

in Section 17.4

for a listing of

IMAP MIME type constants and what they represent. The

contents.data

field holds the

message body.

To convert these arrays into a formatted string call

imap_mail_compose($body,

$headers)

. It returns a post that looks like this:

From: adam@example.com

Subject: New Version of PHP Released!

MIME-Version: 1.0

Content-Type: TEXT/plain; CHARSET=US-ASCII

Newsgroups: comp.lang.php

Go to http://www.php.net and download it today!

Armed with a post the news server will accept, call

fsockopen( )

to open a connection:

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$server = 'nntp.example.com';

$port = 119;

$sh = fsockopen($server, $port) or die ("Can't connect to $server.");

The first parameter to

fsockopen( )

is the hostname of the server, and the second is the

port to use. If you don't know the name of your news server, try the hostnames news, nntp,

or news-server in your domain: for example, news.example.com, nntp.example.com, or news-

server.example.com. If none of these work, ask your system administrator. Traditionally, all

news servers use port

119

Once connected, you send the message:

fputs($sh, "POST\r\n");

fputs($sh, imap_mail_compose($headers, $body));

fputs($sh, ".\r\n");

The first line tells the news server that you want to post a message. The second is the

message itself. To signal the end of the message, place a period on a line by itself. Every line

must have both a carriage return and a newline at the end. Close the connection by calling

fclose($sh)

Every message on the server is given a unique name, known as a

Message-ID

. If you want

to reply to a message, take the

Message-ID

of the original message and use it as the value

for a

References

header:

// retrieved when reading original message

$message_id = '<20030410020818.33915.php@news.example.com>';

$headers['custom_headers'][] = "References: $message_id";

17.5.4 See Also

Section 17.6

for more on reading newsgroups; documentation on

imap_mail_compose( )

at http://www.php.net/imap-mail-compose

fsockopen( )

http://www.php.net/fsockopen

fputs( )

at http://www.php.net/fputs

, and

fclose( )

http://www.php.net/fclose

; RFC 977 at http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc977.html

Recipe 17.6 Reading Usenet News Messages

17.6.1 Problem

You want to read Usenet news messages using NNTP to talk to a news server.

17.6.2 Solution

Use PHP's IMAP extension. It also speaks NNTP:

// open a connection to the nntp server

$server = '{news.php.net/nntp:119}';

$group = 'php.general'; // main PHP mailing list

$nntp = imap_open("$server$group", '', '', OP_ANONYMOUS);

// get header

$header = imap_header($nntp, $msg);

// pull out fields

$subj = $header->subject;

$from = $header->from;

$email = $from[0]->mailbox."@".$from[0]->host;

$name = $from[0]->personal;

$date = date('m/d/Y h:i A', $header->udate);

// get body

$body = nl2br(htmlspecialchars(imap_fetchbody($nntp,$msg,1)));

// close connection

imap_close($nntp);

17.6.3 Discussion

Reading news from a news server requires you to connect to the server and specify a group

you're interested in reading:

// open a connection to the nntp server

$server = "{news.php.net/nntp:119}";

$group = "php.general";

$nntp = imap_open("$server$group",'','',OP_ANONYMOUS);

The function

imap_open( )

takes four parameters. The first specifies the news server to use

and the newsgroup to read. The server here is news.php.net, the news server that mirrors all

the PHP mailing lists. Add

/nntp

to let the IMAP extension know you're reading news instead

of mail, and specify

119

as a port; that's typically the port reserved for NNTP. NNTP stands for

Network News Transport Protocol; it's used to communicate with news servers, just as HTTP

communicates with web servers. The group is php.general, the main mailing list of the PHP

community.

The middle two arguments to

imap_open( )

are a username and password, in case you need

to provide verification of your identity. Because news.php.net is open to all readers, leave

them blank. Finally, pass the flag

OP_ANONYMOUS

, which tells IMAP you're an anonymous

reader; it will not then keep a record of you in a special .newsrc file.

Once you're connected, you usually want to either get a general listing of recent messages or

all the details about one specific message. Here's some code that displays recent messages:

// read and display posting index

$last = imap_num_msg($nntp);

$n = 10; // display last 10 messages

// table header

print <<<EOH

<table>

<tr>

<th align="left">Subject</th>

<th align="left">Sender</th>

</tr>

EOH;

// the messages

for ($i = $last-$n+1; $i <= $last; $i++) {

$header = imap_header($nntp, $i);

if (! $header->Size) { continue; }

$subj = $header->subject;

$from = $header->from;

$email = $from[0]->mailbox."@".$from[0]->host;

$name = $from[0]->personal ? $from[0]->personal : $email;

$date = date('m/d/Y h:i A', $header->udate);

print <<<EOM

<tr>

</tr>

EOM;

}

// table footer

echo "</table>\n";

To browse a listing of posts, you need to specify what you want by number. The first post ever

to a group gets number 1, and the most recent post is the number returned from

imap_num_msg( )

. So, to get the last

messages, loop from

$last-$n+1

$last

Inside the loop, call

imap_header( )

to pull out the header information about a post. The

header contains all the metainformation but not the actual text of the message; that's stored

in the body. Because the header is usually much smaller than the body, this allows you to

quickly retrieve data for many posts without taking too much time.

Now pass

imap_header( )

two parameters: the server connection handle and the message

number. It returns an object with many properties, which are listed in Table 17-2

Table 17-2. imap_header( ) fields from a NNTP server

Name

Description

Type

Example

date

Date

RFC 822 formatted date:

date('r')

String Fri, 16 Aug 2002 01:52:24 -0400

subject

Subject

Message subject

String Re: PHP Cookbook Revisions

message_id

A unique ID identifying the

String <20030410020818.

message

33915.php@news.example.com>

newsgroups

The name of the group the

message was posted to

String php.general

toaddress

The address the message was

sent to

String php-general@lists.php.net

Parsed version of

toaddress

field

Object

mailbox: "php-general", host:

"lists-php.net"

fromaddress

The address that sent the

message

String

Ralph Josephs

<ralph@example.net>

from

Parsed version of

fromaddress

field

Object

personal: "Ralph Josephs",

mailbox: "ralph", host:

"example.net"

reply_toaddress

The address you should reply

to, if you're trying to contact

the author

String rjosephs@example.net

reply_to

Parsed version of

reply_toaddress

field

Object

Mailbox: "rjosephs", host:

"example.net"

senderaddress

The person who sent the

message; almost always

identical to the

from

field, but

if the

from

field doesn't

uniquely identify who sent the

message, this field does

String

Ralph Josephs

<ralph@example.net>

sender

Parsed version of

senderaddress

field

Object

Personal: "Ralph Josephs",

mailbox: "ralph", host:

"example.net"

Recent

If the message is recent, or

new since the last time the

user checked for mail

String Y or N

Unseen

If the message is unseen

String Y or " "

Flagged

If the message is marked

String Y or " "

Answered

If a reply has been sent to this

message

String Y or " "

Deleted

If the message is deleted

String Y or " "

Draft

If the message is a draft

String Y or " "

Size

Size of the message in bytes String 1345

udate

Unix timestamp of message

date

Int

1013480645

Mesgno

The number of the message in

the group

String 34943

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