Pdf password encryption Library SDK class asp.net wpf html ajax HTML%20and%20CSS%20design%20and%20build%20websites31-part2070

Article

304

BOXES

304

BOXES

Some page designs expand and

shrink to ﬁt the size of the user's

screen. In such designs, the

min-width

property speciﬁes

the smallest size a box can be

displayed at when the browser

window is narrow, and the

max-width

property indicates

the maximum width a box can

stretch to when the browser

window is wide.

These are very helpful properties

to ensure that the content of

pages are legible (especially on

the smaller screens of handheld

devices). For example, you can

use the

max-width

property to

ensure that lines of text do not

appear too wide within a big

browser window and you can

use the

min-width

property

to make sure that they do not

appear too narrow.

You may ﬁnd it helpful to try this

example out in your browser so

that you can see what happens

when you increase or decrease

the size of the browser window.

Please note that these properties

were ﬁrst supported in IE7 and

Firefox 2 so they will not work in

older versions of these browsers.

Result

td.description {

min-width: 450px;

max-width: 650px;

text-align: left;

padding: 5px;

margin: 0px;}

Css

<tr>

<td><img src="images/rhodes.jpg" width="200"

height="100" alt="Fender Rhodes" /></td>

<td class="description">The Rhodes piano is an

electro-mechanical piano, invented by Harold

Rhodes during the fifties and later

manufactured in a number of models ...</td>

</tr>

chapter-13/min-width-max-width.html

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limiting WiDth

min-width, max-width

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305 BOXES

Article

305 BOXES

Result

h2, p {

width: 400px;

font-size: 90%;

line-height: 1.2em;}

h2 {

color: #0088dd;

border-bottom: 1px solid #0088dd;}

p {

min-height: 10px;

max-height: 30px;}

In the same way that you might

want to limit the width of a box

on a page, you may also want

to limit the height of it. This is

achieved using the

min-height

and

max-height

properties.

The example on this page

demonstrates these properties

in action. It also shows you what

happens when the content of the

box takes up more space than

the size speciﬁed for the box.

If the box is not big enough to

hold the content, and the content

expands outside the box it can

look very messy. To control

what happens when there is not

enough space for the content of

a box, you can use the

overflow

property, which is discussed on

the next page.

<h2>Fender Mustang</h2>

<p>The Fender Mustang was introduced in 1964 as the

basis of a major redesign of Fender's ...</p>

<h2>Fender Stratocaster</h2>

<p>The Fender Stratocaster or "Strat" is one of the

most popular electric guitars of all time ...</p>

<h2>Gibson Les Paul</h2>

<p>The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric

guitar that was first sold in 1952 ...</p>

chapter-13/min-height-max-height.html

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limiting height

min-height, max-height

Css

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Article

306

BOXES

306

BOXES

The

overflow

property tells the

browser what to do if the content

contained within a box is larger

than the box itself. It can have

one of two values:

hidden

This property simply hides any

extra content that does not ﬁt in

the box.

scroll

This property adds a scrollbar to

the box so that users can scroll

to see the missing content.

On the left, you can see two

boxes whose contents expand

beyond their set dimensions. The

ﬁrst example has the

overflow

property with a value of

hidden

The second example has the

overflow

property with a value

scroll

The

overflow

property is

particularly handy because some

browsers allow users to adjust

the size of the text to appear as

large or as small as they want. If

the text is set too large then the

page can become an unreadable

mess. Hiding the overﬂow on

such boxes helps prevent items

overlapping on the page.

Result

p.one {

overflow: hidden;}

p.two {

overflow: scroll;}

Css

overfloWing content

overflow

<h2>Fender Stratocaster</h2>

<p class="one">The Fender Stratocaster or "Strat"

is one of the most popular electric guitars of

all time, and its design has been copied by many

guitar makers. It was designed by Leo... </p>

<h2>Gibson Les Paul</h2>

<p class="two">The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body

electric guitar that was first sold in 1952.

The Les Paul was designed by Ted McCarty... </p>

chapter-13/overflow.html

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307 BOXES

If you specify a width

for a box, then the

borders, margin, and

padding are added to

its width and height.

Every box has three available properties that

can be adjusted to control its appearance:

BorDer, mArgin

& PADDing

Border

Every box has a border (even if

it is not visible or is speciﬁed to

be 0 pixels wide). The border

separates the edge of one box

from another.

Margin

Margins sit outside the edge

of the border. You can set the

width of a margin to create a

gap between the borders of two

adjacent boxes.

Padding

Padding is the space between

the border of a box and any

content contained within it.

Adding padding can increase the

readability of its contents.

hello

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308

BOXES

Designers refer to the space

between items on a page as

white space. Imagine you had

a border around a box. You

would not want the text to touch

this border or it would become

harder to read.

Or, imagine you had two boxes

sitting side by side (each with

a black border). You would not

necessarily want the boxes to

touch edges as this would make

the line look twice as thick on

the facing sides.

If the bottom margin of any

box touches the top margin of

another, the browser will render

it differently than you might

expect. It will only show the

larger of the two margins. If both

margins are the same size, it will

only show one.

The

padding

and

margin

properties

are very helpful

in adding space

between various

items on the page.

White sPAce &

verticAl mArgin

With

mArgin & PADDing

Without

mArgin & PADDing

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309 BOXES

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Result

p.one {

border-width: 2px;}

p.two {

border-width: thick;}

p.three {

border-width: 1px 4px 12px 4px;}

<p class="one">Hohner's "Clavinet" is essentially an

electric clavichord.</p>

<p class="two">Hohner's "Clavinet" is essentially an

electric clavichord.</p>

<p class="three">Hohner's "Clavinet" is essentially

an electric clavichord.</p>

chapter-13/border-width.html

HtMl

The

border-width

property

is used to control the width

of a border. The value of this

property can either be given

in pixels or using one of the

following values:

thin

medium

thick

(You cannot use percentages

with this property.)

You can control the individual

size of borders using four

separate properties:

border-top-width

border-right-width

border-bottom-width

border-left-width

You can also specify different

widths for the four border values

in one property, like so:

border-width: 2px 1px 1px

2px;

The values here appear in

clockwise order: top, right,

bottom, left.

BorDer WiDth

border-width

Css

Article

310

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310

BOXES

You can control the style of a

border using the

border-style

property. This property can take

the following values:

solid a single solid line

dotted a series of square dots

(if your border is 2px wide, then

the dots are 2px squared with a

2px gap between each dot)

dashed a series of short lines

double two solid lines (the

value of the

border-width

property creates the sum of the

two lines)

groove appears to be carved

into the page

ridge appears to stick out from

the page

inset appears embedded into

the page

outset looks like it is coming

out of the screen

hidden / none no border is

shown

You can individually change the

styles of different borders using:

border-top-style

border-left-style

border-right-style

border-bottom-style

Result

p.one {border-style: solid;}

p.two {border-style: dotted;}

p.three {border-style: dashed;}

p.four {border-style: double;}

p.five {border-style: groove;}

p.six {border-style: ridge;}

p.seven {border-style: inset;}

p.eight {border-style: outset;}

Css

<p class="one">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="two">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="three">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="four">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="five">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="six">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="seven">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

<p class="eight">Wurlitzer Electric Piano</p>

chapter-13/border-style.html

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BorDer style

border-style

311 BOXES

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Result

p.one {

border-color: #0088dd;}

p.two {

border-color: #bbbbaa #111111 #ee3e80 #0088dd;}

Css

<p class="one">The ARP Odyssey was introduced in

1972.</p>

<p class="two">The ARP Odyssey was introduced in

1972.</p>

chapter-13/border-color.html

HtMl

You can specify the color of a

border using either RGB values,

hex codes or CSS color names

(as you saw on pages 251-252).

It is possible to individually

control the colors of the borders

on different sides of a box using:

border-top-color

border-right-color

border-bottom-color

border-left-color

It is also possible to use a

shorthand to control all four

border colors in the one

property:

border-color: darkcyan

deeppink darkcyan

deeppink;

The values here appear in

clockwise order: top, right,

bottom, left.

You could also use HSL values

to specify the color as shown

on pages 255-256. However,

these were only introduced in

CSS3 and will not work in older

browsers.

BorDer color

border-color

Article

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The

border

property allows you

to specify the width, style and

color of a border in one property

(and the values should be coded

in that speciﬁc order).

Result

p {

width: 250px;

border: 3px dotted #0088dd;}

Css

<p>Here is a simple chord sequence played on a

Hammond organ through a Leslie speaker.</p>

chapter-13/border-shorthand.html

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shorthAnD

border

313 BOXES

Article

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Result

p {

width: 275px;

border: 2px solid #0088dd;}

p.example {

padding: 10px;}

Css

The

padding

property allows

you to specify how much space

should appear between the

content of an element and its

border.

The value of this property is

most often speciﬁed in pixels

(although it is also possible to

use percentages or ems). If a

percentage is used, the padding

is a percentage of the browser

window (or of the containing box

if it is inside another box).

Please note: If a width is

speciﬁed for a box, padding is

added onto the width of the box.

As you can see, the second

paragraph here is much easier

to read because there is a space

between the text and the border

of the box. The box is also wider

because it has padding.

You can specify different values

for each side of a box using:

padding-top

padding-right

padding-bottom

padding-left

Or you can use a shorthand

(where the values are in

clockwise order: top, right,

bottom, left):

padding: 10px 5px 3px 1px;

<p>Analog synths produce a wave sound, whereas the

sounds stored on a digital synth have been

sampled and then turned into numbers.</p>

<p class="example">Analog synths produce a wave

sound, whereas the sounds stored on a digital

synth have been sampled and then ... </p>

chapter-13/padding.html

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PADDing

padding

The value of the

padding

property is not inherited by child elements in

the same way that the

color

value of the

font-family

property is; so

you need to specify the

padding

for every element that needs to use it.

Up until Internet Explorer 6, the width of the box would include the

padding and margins. You can see more about this on page 316.

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