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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.o

$ python optparse_default.py

default value

$ python optparse_default.py -o "different value"

different value

Defaults can also be loaded after the options are deﬁned using keyword arguments to set_defaults().

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-o’, action="store")

parser.set_defaults(o=’default value’)

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.o

This form is useful when loading defaults from a conﬁguration ﬁle or othersource, instead of hard-coding them.

$ python optparse_set_defaults.py

default value

$ python optparse_set_defaults.py -o "different value"

different value

All deﬁned options are available as attributes of the Values instance returned by parse_args() so applications

do not need to check for the presence of an option before trying to use its value.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-o’, action="store")

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.o

If no default value is given for an option,and the option is not speciﬁed on the command line,its value is None.

$ python optparse_no_default.py

None

$ python optparse_no_default.py -o "different value"

different value

15.4. optparse – Command line option parser to replace getopt.

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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

Type Conversion

optparsewillconvertoptionvaluesfromstringstointegers,ﬂoats, longs,andcomplexvalues. . Toenablethe

conversion,specify the type ofthe option as an argument to add_option().

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-i’, action="store", type="int")

parser.add_option(’-f’, action="store", type="float")

parser.add_option(’-l’, action="store", type="long")

parser.add_option(’-c’, action="store", type="complex")

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print ’int

: %-16r %s’ ’ % (type(options.i), options.i)

print ’float

: %-16r %s’ ’ % (type(options.f), options.f)

print ’long

: %-16r %s’ ’ % (type(options.l), options.l)

print ’complex: %-16r %s’ % (type(options.c), options.c)

If an option’s value cannot be convertedto the speciﬁed type, an error is printed and the programexits.

$ python optparse_types.py -i 1 -f 3.14 -l 1000000 -c 1+2j

int

: <type ’int’>

float

: <type ’float’>

3.14

long

: <type ’long’>

1000000

complex: <type ’complex’> (1+2j)

$ python optparse_types.py -i a

Usage: optparse_types.py [options]

optparse_types.py: error: option -i: invalid integer value: ’a’

Custom conversions can be created by subclassing the Option class. See the standard library documentation for

complete details.

Enumerations

The choice type provides validation using a list ofcandidate strings. Set type to choice and provide the list of valid

values using the choices argument to add_option().

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-c’, type=’choice’, choices=[’a’, , ’b’, ’c’])

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print ’Choice:’, options.c

Invalid inputs result in an errormessage that shows the allowed list of values.

$ python optparse_choice.py -c a

Choice: a

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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

$ python optparse_choice.py -c b

Choice: b

$ python optparse_choice.py -c d

Usage: optparse_choice.py [options]

optparse_choice.py: error: option -c: invalid choice: ’d’ (choose from

’a’, ’b’, ’c’)

15.4.5 Option Actions

Unlikegetopt, which only parses the options,optparse is a full option processing library. Options can trigger

different actions, speciﬁed by the action argument to add_option(). Supported actions include storing the argu-

ment (singly, or as part of a list), storing a constant value when the option is encountered (including special handling

for true/false values forbooleanswitches),counting the number of times an optionis seen,andcalling a callback. The

default action is store, and does not need to be speciﬁed explicitly.

Constants

When options represent a selection of ﬁxed alternatives, such as operating modes of an application, creating separate

explicit options makes it easier to document them. The store_const action is intended for this purpose.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’--earth’, action="store_const", const=’earth’, dest=’element’, default=’earth’)

parser.add_option(’--air’, action=’store_const’, const=’air’, dest=’element’)

parser.add_option(’--water’, action=’store_const’, const=’water’, dest=’element’)

parser.add_option(’--fire’, action=’store_const’, const=’fire’, dest=’element’)

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.element

The store_const action associates a constant value in the application withtheoptionspeciﬁed by the user. Several

options can be conﬁgured tostore different constant values to the same dest name,so the applicationonly has to check

asingle setting.

$ python optparse_store_const.py

earth

$ python optparse_store_const.py --fire

fire

Boolean Flags

Boolean options are implemented using special actions forstoring true and false constant values.

15.4. optparse – Command line option parser to replace getopt.

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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-t’, action=’store_true’, default=False, dest=’flag’)

parser.add_option(’-f’, action=’store_false’, default=False, dest=’flag’)

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print ’Flag:’, options.flag

True and false versions ofthe same ﬂag can be created by conﬁguring their dest name to the same value.

$ python optparse_boolean.py

Flag: False

$ python optparse_boolean.py -t

Flag: True

$ python optparse_boolean.py -f

Flag: False

Repeating Options

There are three ways to handle repeated options. The default is to overwrite any existing value so that the last option

speciﬁed is used. The store action works this way.

Using the append action, it is possible to accumulate values as an option is repeated, creating a list of values.

Append mode is useful when multiple responses are allowed, and specifyingthem separately is easierfor the userthan

constructing a parsable syntax.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-o’, action="append", dest=’outputs’, default=[])

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.outputs

The orderof the values givenon the command line is preserved, in case it is important forthe application.

$ python optparse_append.py

[]

$ python optparse_append.py -o a.out

[’a.out’]

$ python optparse_append.py -o a.out -o b.out

[’a.out’, ’b.out’]

Sometimes it is enough to know how many times an option was given, and the associated value is not needed. For

example, many applications allow the user to repeat the -v option to increase the level of verbosity of their output.

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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

The count action increments a value each time the option appears.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-v’, action="count", dest=’verbosity’, default=1)

parser.add_option(’-q’, action=’store_const’, const=0, dest=’verbosity’)

options, args s = parser.parse_args()

print options.verbosity

Since the -v option doesn’t take an argument, it can be repeated using the syntax -vv as well as through separate

individual options.

$ python optparse_count.py

$ python optparse_count.py -v

$ python optparse_count.py -v -v

$ python optparse_count.py -vv

$ python optparse_count.py -q

Callbacks

Beside saving the arguments for options directly, it is possible to deﬁne callback functions to be invoked when the

option is encountered on the command line. Callbacks for options take four arguments: the Option instance caus-

ing the callback, the option string from the command line, any argument value associated with the option, and the

OptionParser instance doing the parsing work.

import optparse

def flag_callback(option, opt_str, , value, parser):

print ’flag_callback:’

print ’\toption:’, repr(option)

print ’\topt_str:’, opt_str

print ’\tvalue:’, value

print ’\tparser:’, parser

return

def with_callback(option, opt_str, , value, parser):

print ’with_callback:’

print ’\toption:’, repr(option)

print ’\topt_str:’, opt_str

print ’\tvalue:’, value

print ’\tparser:’, parser

15.4. optparse – Command line option parser to replace getopt.

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Python Module of the Week, Release 1.132

return

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’--flag’, action="callback", callback=flag_callback)

parser.add_option(’--with’,

action="callback",

callback=with_callback,

type="string",

help="Include optional l feature")

parser.parse_args([’--with’, ’foo’, ’--flag’])

In this example, the --with option is conﬁgured totake a string argument (other types suchas integers and ﬂoats are

support as well).

$ python optparse_callback.py

with_callback:

option: <Option at 0x1004cf2d8: --with>

opt_str: --with

value: foo

parser: <optparse.OptionParser instance at 0x1004675a8>

flag_callback:

option: <Option at 0x100467830: --flag>

opt_str: --flag

value: None

parser: <optparse.OptionParser instance at 0x1004675a8>

Callbacks canbe conﬁguredto take multiple arguments using the nargs option.

import optparse

def with_callback(option, opt_str, , value, parser):

print ’with_callback:’

print ’\toption:’, repr(option)

print ’\topt_str:’, opt_str

print ’\tvalue:’, value

print ’\tparser:’, parser

return

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’--with’,

action="callback",

callback=with_callback,

type="string",

nargs=2,

help="Include optional l feature")

parser.parse_args([’--with’, ’foo’, ’bar’])

In this case,the arguments are passed to the callback function as a tuple via the value argument.

$ python optparse_callback_nargs.py

with_callback:

option: <Option at 0x100467758: --with>

opt_str: --with

value: (’foo’, ’bar’)

parser: <optparse.OptionParser instance at 0x1004674d0>

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15.4.6 Help Messages

The OptionParser automatically includes a help option to all option sets, so the user can pass --help on the

command line to see instructions for running the program. The help message includes all of the options with an

indication of whether or not they take an argument. It is also possible to pass help text to add_option() to give a

more verbose description of an option.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’--no-foo’, action="store_true",

default=False,

dest="foo",

help="Turn off f foo",

)

parser.add_option(’--with’, action="store", help="Include optional l feature")

parser.parse_args()

Theoptions arelisted inalphabeticalorder,withaliases included onthe same line. When the optiontakes an argument,

the dest name is included as an argument name in the help output. The help text is printed inthe right column.

$ python optparse_help.py --help

Usage: optparse_help.py [options]

Options:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

--no-foo

Turn off foo

--with=WITH

Include optional feature

The name WITH printed with the option --with comes from the destination variable for the option. Forcases where

the internal variable name is descriptive enough to serve in the documentation, the metavar argument can be used to

set a different name.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’--no-foo’, action="store_true",

default=False,

dest="foo",

help="Turn off f foo",

)

parser.add_option(’--with’, action="store", help="Include optional l feature",

metavar=’feature_NAME’)

parser.parse_args()

The value is printed exactly as it is given,without anychanges to capitalization or punctuation.

$ python optparse_metavar.py -h

Usage: optparse_metavar.py [options]

Options:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

--no-foo

Turn off foo

--with=feature_NAME

Include optional feature

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Organizing Options

Many applications include sets ofrelatedoptions. For example, rpm includes separate options foreach ofits operating

modes.optparse uses option groups to organize options in the help output. The option values are all still saved in

asingle Values instance, so the namespace for option names is still ﬂat.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser()

parser.add_option(’-q’, action=’store_const’, const=’query’, dest=’mode’,

help=’Query’)

parser.add_option(’-i’, action=’store_const’, const=’install’, dest=’mode’,

help=’Install’)

query_opts = optparse.OptionGroup(

parser, ’Query Options’,

’These options control the query mode.’,

)

query_opts.add_option(’-l’, action=’store_const’, const=’list’, dest=’query_mode’,

help=’List contents’)

query_opts.add_option(’-f’, action=’store_const’, const=’file’, dest=’query_mode’,

help=’Show owner of f file’)

query_opts.add_option(’-a’, action=’store_const’, const=’all’, dest=’query_mode’,

help=’Show all l packages’)

parser.add_option_group(query_opts)

install_opts = optparse.OptionGroup(

parser, ’Installation Options’,

’These options control installation.’,

)

install_opts.add_option(’--hash’, action=’store_true’, default=False,

help=’Show hash marks as progress indication’)

install_opts.add_option(’--force’, dest=’install_force’, action=’store_true’, default=False,

help=’Install, regardless of f depdencies or r existing g version’)

parser.add_option_group(install_opts)

print parser.parse_args()

Each group has its own section title and description, and the options are displayed together.

$ python optparse_groups.py -h

Usage: optparse_groups.py [options]

Options:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

-q

Query

-i

Install

Query Options:

These options control the query mode.

-l

List contents

-f

Show owner of file

-a

Show all packages

Installation Options:

These options control installation.

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--hash

Show hash marks as progress indication

--force

Install, regardless of depdencies or existing version

Application Settings

Theautomatichelpgeneration facilities supportconﬁgurationsettings tocontrolseveralaspects ofthe helpoutput. The

program’susage string,whichshowshow thepositionalarguments are expected,canbe setwhen theOptionParser

is created.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=’%prog [options] ] <arg1> > <arg2> [<arg3>...]’)

parser.add_option(’-a’, action="store_true", default=False)

parser.add_option(’-b’, action="store", dest="b")

parser.add_option(’-c’, action="store", dest="c", , type="int")

parser.parse_args()

The literal value %prog is expanded to the name ofthe programat runtime, so it can reﬂect the full path to the script.

If the script is run by python, instead of running directly,the script name is used.

$ python optparse_usage.py -h

Usage: optparse_usage.py [options] <arg1> <arg2> [<arg3>...]

Options:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

-a

-b B

-c C

The programname can be changed using the prog argument.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=’%prog [options] ] <arg1> > <arg2> [<arg3>...]’,

prog=’my_program_name’,

)

parser.add_option(’-a’, action="store_true", default=False)

parser.add_option(’-b’, action="store", dest="b")

parser.add_option(’-c’, action="store", dest="c", , type="int")

parser.parse_args()

It is generally a bad idea to hard-code the program name in this way, though, because if the program is renamed the

help will not reﬂect the change.

$ python optparse_prog.py -h

Usage: my_program_name [options] <arg1> <arg2> [<arg3>...]

Options:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

-a

-b B

-c C

15.4. optparse – Command line option parser to replace getopt.

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The application version can be set using the version argument. When a value is provided,optparse automatically

adds a --version option to the parser.

import optparse

parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=’%prog [options] ] <arg1> > <arg2> [<arg3>...]’,

version=’1.0’,

)

parser.parse_args()

When the user runs the program with the --version option,optparse prints the version string and then exits.

$ python optparse_version.py -h

Usage: optparse_version.py [options] <arg1> <arg2> [<arg3>...]

Options:

--version

show program’s version number and exit

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

$ python optparse_version.py --version

1.0

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