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Actions

SECTION 8.5

651

TABLE 8.46 Entries in a form field’s additional-actions dictionary

TABLE 8.47 Entries in the document catalog’s additional-actions dictionary

For purposes of the trigger events

(enter),

(exit),

(down), and

(up), the

term mouse denotes a generic pointing device with the following characteristics:

•

A selection button that can be pressed, held down, and released. If there is more

than one mouse button, the selection button is typically the left button.

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3) A JavaScript action to be performed when the user types a key-

stroke into a text field or combo box or modifies the selection in a scrollable list box.

This action can check the keystroke for validity and reject or modify it.

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3) A JavaScript action to be performed before the field is formatted to

display its current value. This action can modify the field’s value before formatting.

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3) A JavaScript action to be performed when the field’s value is

changed. This action can check the new value for validity. (The name

stands for “val-

idate.”)

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3) A JavaScript action to be performed to recalculate the value of this

field when that of another field changes. (The name

stands for “calculate.”) The order

in which the document’s fields are recalculated is defined by the

entry in the inter-

active form dictionary (see Section 8.6.1, “Interactive Form Dictionary”).

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A JavaScript action to be performed before closing a document.

(The name

stands for “will close.”)

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A JavaScript action to be performed before saving a document.

(The name

stands for “will save.”)

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A JavaScript action to be performed after saving a document. (The

name

stands for “did save.”)

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A JavaScript action to be performed before printing a document.

(The name

stands for “will print.”)

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A JavaScript action to be performed after printing a document.

(The name

stands for “did print.”)

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Interactive Features

CHAPTER 8

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•

A notion of location—that is, an indication of where on the screen the device is

pointing. Location is typically denoted by a screen cursor.

•

A notion of focus—that is, which element in the document is currently interact-

ing with the user. In many systems, this element is denoted by a blinking caret,

a focus rectangle, or a color change.

PDF viewer applications must ensure the presence of such a device for the corre-

sponding actions to be executed correctly. Mouse-related trigger events are sub-

ject to the following constraints:

•

(enter) event can occur only when the mouse button is up.

•

(exit) event cannot occur without a preceding

event.

•

(up) event cannot occur without a preceding

and

event.

•

In the case of overlapping or nested annotations, entering a second annotation’s

active area causes an

event to occur for the first annotation.

Note: The field-related trigger events

(keystroke),

(format),

(validate), and

(calculate) are not defined for button fields (see “Button Fields” on page 685). The

effects of an action triggered by one of these events are limited only by the action it-

self and can occur outside the described scope of the event. For example, even

though the

event is used to trigger actions that format field values prior to display,

it is possible for an action triggered by this event to perform a calculation or make

any other modification to the document.

These field-related trigger events can occur either through user interaction or pro-

grammatically, such as in response to the

NeedAppearances

entry in the interactive

form dictionary (see Section 8.6.1, “Interactive Form Dictionary”), importation of

FDF data (Section 8.6.6, “Forms Data Format”), or JavaScript actions (“JavaScript

Actions” on page 709). For example, the user’s modifying a field value can trigger a

cascade of calculations and further formatting and validation for other fields in the

document.

8.5.3 Action Types

PDF supports the standard action types listed in Table 8.48. The following sec-

tions describe each of these types in detail. Plug-in extensions may add new

action types.

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Actions

SECTION 8.5

653

TABLE 8.48 Action types

Note: Previous versions of the PDF specification described an action type known as

the set-state action; this type of action is now considered obsolete and its use is no

longer recommended. An additional action type, the no-op action, was defined in

PDF 1.2 but never implemented; it is no longer defined and should be ignored.

ACTION TYPE

DESCRIPTION

DISCUSSED IN SECTION

GoTo

Go to a destination in the current document.

“Go-To Actions” on page 654

GoToR

(“Go-to remote”) Go to a destination in another

document.

“Remote Go-To Actions” on page 655

GoToE

(“Go-to embedded”; PDF 1.6) Go to a destination in an

embedded file.

“Embedded Go-To Actions” on page

655

Launch

Launch an application, usually to open a file.

“Launch Actions” on page 659

Thread

Begin reading an article thread.

“Thread Actions” on page 661

URI

Resolve a uniform resource identifier.

“URI Actions” on page 662

Sound

(PDF 1.2) Play a sound.

“Sound Actions” on page 663

Movie

(PDF 1.2) Play a movie.

“Movie Actions” on page 664

Hide

(PDF 1.2) Set an annotation’s Hidden flag.

“Hide Actions” on page 665

Named

(PDF 1.2) Execute an action predefined by the viewer

application.

“Named Actions” on page 666

SubmitForm

(PDF 1.2) Send data to a uniform resource locator.

“Submit-Form Actions” on page 703

ResetForm

(PDF 1.2) Set fields to their default values.

“Reset-Form Actions” on page 707

ImportData

(PDF 1.2) Import field values from a file.

“Import-Data Actions” on page 708

JavaScript

(PDF 1.3) Execute a JavaScript script.

“JavaScript Actions” on page 709

SetOCGState

(PDF 1.5) Set the states of optional content groups.

“Set-OCG-State Actions” on page 667

Rendition

(PDF 1.5) Controls the playing of multimedia content.

“Rendition Actions” on page 668

Trans

(PDF 1.5) Updates the display of a document, using a

transition dictionary.

“Transition Actions” on page 670

GoTo3DView

(PDF 1.6) Set the current view of a 3D annotation

“Go-To-3D-View Actions” on page

670

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Interactive Features

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654

Go-To Actions

A go-to action changes the view to a specified destination (page, location, and

magnification factor). Table 8.49 shows the action dictionary entries specific to

this type of action.

TABLE 8.49 Additional entries specific to a go-to action

Specifying a go-to action in the

entry of a link annotation or outline item (see

Tables 8.24 on page 622 and 8.4 on page 585) has the same effect as specifying the

destination directly with the

Dest

entry. For example, the link annotation shown

in Example 8.11, which uses a go-to action, has the same effect as the one in Ex-

ample 8.9 on page 623, which specifies the destination directly. However, the go-

to action is less compact and is not compatible with PDF 1.0; therefore, using a

direct destination is preferable.

Example 8.11

93 0 obj

<< /Type /Annot

/Subtype /Link

/Rect [ 71 717 190 734 ]

/Border [ 16 16 1 ]

/A << /Type /Action

/S /GoTo

/D [ 3 0 R /FitR –4 399 199 533 ]

endobj

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

name

(Required) The type of action that this dictionary describes; must be

GoTo

for a

go-to action.

name,

byte string,

or array

(Required) The destination to jump to (see Section 8.2.1, “Destinations”).

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Actions

SECTION 8.5

655

Remote Go-To Actions

A remote go-to action is similar to an ordinary go-to action but jumps to a desti-

nation in another PDF file instead of the current file. Table 8.50 shows the action

dictionary entries specific to this type of action.

Note: Remote go-to actions cannot be used with embedded files; see “Embedded Go-

To Actions” on page 655”.

TABLE 8.50 Additional entries specific to a remote go-to action

Embedded Go-To Actions

An embedded go-to action (PDF 1.6) is similar to a remote go-to action but allows

jumping to or from a PDF file that is embedded in another PDF file (see “Embed-

ded File Streams” on page 184). Embedded files may be associated with file at-

tachment annotations (see “File Attachment Annotations” on page 637) or with

entries in the

EmbeddedFiles

name tree (see Section 3.6.3, “Name Dictionary”).

Embedded files may in turn contain embedded files. Table 8.51 shows the action

dictionary entries specific to embedded go-to actions.

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

name

(Required) The type of action that this dictionary describes; must be

GoToR

for a remote go-to action.

file specification (Required) The file in which the destination is located.

name,

byte string,

or array

(Required) The destination to jump to (see Section 8.2.1, “Destinations”). If

the value is an array defining an explicit destination (as described under

“Explicit Destinations” on page 582), its first element must be a page number

within the remote document rather than an indirect reference to a page ob-

ject in the current document. The first page is numbered 0.

NewWindow

boolean

(Optional; PDF 1.2) A flag specifying whether to open the destination docu-

ment in a new window. If this flag is

false

, the destination document replaces

the current document in the same window. If this entry is absent, the viewer

application should behave in accordance with the current user preference.

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Interactive Features

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656

Embedded go-to actions provide a complete facility for linking between a file in a

hierarchy of nested embedded files and another file in the same or different hier-

archy. The following terminology is used:

•

The source is the document containing the embedded go-to action.

•

The target is the document in which the destination lives.

The

entry in the action dictionary is a target dictionary that locates the target

in relation to the source, in much the same way that a relative path describes

the physical relationship between two files in a file system. Target dictionaries

may be nested recursively to specify one or more intermediate targets before

reaching the final one. As the hierarchy is navigated, each intermediate target is

referred to as the current document. Initially, the source is the current docu-

ment.

Note: It is an error for a target dictionary to have an infinite cycle (for example,

one where a target dictionary refers to itself). Viewer applications should attempt

to detect such cases and refuse to execute the action if found.

•

A child document is one that is embedded within another PDF file.

•

The document in which a file is embedded is its parent.

•

A root document is one that is not embedded in another PDF file. The target

and source may be contained in root documents or embedded documents.

TABLE 8.51 Additional entries specific to an embedded go-to action

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

name

(Required) The type of action that this dictionary describes; must be

GoToE

for an embedded go-to action.

file specification (Optional) The root document of the target relative to the root document of

the source. If this entry is absent, the source and target share the same root

document.

name,

byte string,

or array

(Required) The destination in the target to jump to (see Section 8.2.1, “Desti-

nations”).

NewWindow

boolean

(Optional) If

true

, the destination document should be opened in a new win-

dow; if

false

, the destination document should replace the current document

in the same window. If this entry is absent, the viewer application should hon-

or the current user preference.

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Actions

SECTION 8.5

657

TABLE 8.52 Entries specific to a target dictionary

dictionary

(Optional if

is present; otherwise required) A target dictionary (see Table 8.52)

specifying path information to the target document. Each target dictionary

specifies one element in the full path to the target and may have nested target

dictionaries specifying additional elements.

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

name

(Required) Specifies the relationship between the current document and the

target (which may be an intermediate target). Valid values are

(the target is

the parent of the current document) and

(the target is a child of the current

document).

byte string

(Required if the value of

and the target is located in the

EmbeddedFiles

name tree; otherwise, it must be absent) The name of the file in the

EmbeddedFiles

name tree.

integer or

byte string

(Required if the value of

and the target is associated with a file attachment

annotation; otherwise, it must be absent) If the value is an integer, it specifies

the page number (zero-based) in the current document containing the file at-

tachment annotation. If the value is a string, it specifies a named destination

in the current document that provides the page number of the file attachment

annotation.

integer or text

string

(Required if the value of

and the target is associated with a file attachment

annotation; otherwise, it must be absent) If the value is an integer, it specifies

the index (zero-based) of the annotation in the

Annots

array (see Table 3.27)

of the page specified by

. If the value is a text string, it specifies the value of

in the annotation dictionary (see Table 8.15).

dictionary

(Optional) A target dictionary specifying additional path information to the

target document. If this entry is absent, the current document is the target file

containing the destination.

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

Interactive Features

CHAPTER 8

658

Example 8.12 illustrates several possible relationships between source and target.

Each object shown is an action dictionary for an embedded go-to action.

Example 8.12

1 0 obj

% Link to a child

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/T << /R /C

/N (Embedded document) >>

endobj

2 0 obj

% Link to the parent

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/T << /R /P >>

endobj

3 0 obj

% Link to a sibling

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/T << /R /P

/T << /R /C

/N (Another embedded document) >>

endobj

4 0 obj

% Link to an embedded file in an external document

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/F (someFile.pdf)

/T << /R /C

/N (Embedded document) >>

endobj

Actions

SECTION 8.5

659

5 0 obj

% Link from an embedded file to a normal file

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/F (someFile.pdf)

endobj

6 0 obj

% Link to a grandchild

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (Chapter 1)

/T << /R /C

/N (Embedded document)

/T << /R /C

/P (A destination name)

/A (annotName)

endobj

7 0 obj

% Link to a niece/nephew through the source’s parent

<< /Type /Action

/S /GoToE

/D (destination)

/T << /R /P

/T << /R /C

/N (Embedded document)

/T << /R /C

/P 3

/A (annotName)

endobj

Launch Actions

A launch action launches an application or opens or prints a document. Table

8.53 shows the action dictionary entries specific to this type of action.

Interactive Features

CHAPTER 8

660

The optional

Win

Mac

, and

Unix

entries allow the action dictionary to include

platform-specific parameters for launching the designated application. If no

such entry is present for the given platform, the

entry is used instead. Table

8.54 shows the platform-specific launch parameters for the Windows platform.

Parameters for the Mac OS and UNIX platforms are not yet defined at the time

of publication.

TABLE 8.53 Additional entries specific to a launch action

TABLE 8.54 Entries in a Windows launch parameter dictionary

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

name

(Required) The type of action that this dictionary describes; must be

Launch

for a launch action.

file specification (Required if none of the entries

Win

Mac

, or

Unix

is present) The application to

be launched or the document to be opened or printed. If this entry is absent

and the viewer application does not understand any of the alternative entries,

it should do nothing.

Win

dictionary

(Optional) A dictionary containing Windows-specific launch parameters (see

Table 8.54; see also implementation note 101 in Appendix H).

Mac

(undefined)

(Optional) Mac OS–specific launch parameters; not yet defined.

Unix

(undefined)

(Optional) UNIX-specific launch parameters; not yet defined.

NewWindow

boolean

(Optional; PDF 1.2) A flag specifying whether to open the destination docu-

ment in a new window. If this flag is

false

, the destination document replaces

the current document in the same window. If this entry is absent, the viewer

application should behave in accordance with the current user preference.

This entry is ignored if the file designated by the

entry is not a PDF docu-

ment.

KEY

TYPE

VALUE

byte string

(Required) The file name of the application to be launched or the document

to be opened or printed, in standard Windows pathname format. If the name

string includes a backslash character (

), the backslash must itself be preceded

by a backslash.

Note: This value must be a simple string; it is not a file specification.

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