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Unlike stateless session beans, stateful session beans guarantee that a client can expect to set the internal state of a bean and count on the state being maintained between any number of method calls. The container makes sure this happens by doing two important things behind the scenes. Maintaining the session First, the container ensures that a client can reach a bean dedicated to it across more than one method invocation. Think of this as a phone switchboard that makes sure it routes you to the same customer service agent if you call a technical support line more than once in a given period of time (the period of time is the session ). Second, the container ensures that bean instance variable values are maintained for the duration of a session without your having to write any session maintenance code. In the customer service example, the container makes sure that your account information and call history in a given period of time automatically appear on your agent s screen when you call technical support. This automagic maintenance of session state is a huge leap from having to fiddle with the HTTP session, browser cookies, or hidden HTML form variables to try to accomplish the same thing. As we ll see in the coming code samples, you can develop stateful beans as if you are developing in a Hello World application, not a web application with verbose code to maintain session state. The ActionBazaar ordering process is a great example for stateful session beans since it is broken up into four steps, each of which correspond to a screen presented to the user:

using System; using System.Threading; using System.Text; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); // Sharing the StringBuilder between threads. BAD! Thread t1 = new Thread(() => Go(result, "One")); Thread t2 = new Thread(() => Go(result, "Two")); t1.Start(); t2.Start(); Go(result, "Main"); t1.Join(); t2.Join(); } Console.WriteLine(result);

static void Go(StringBuilder sb, string name) {

Adding items to the order. If the user started the ordering process by clicking the Order Item button on the page displaying an item won, the item is automatically added to the order. The user can still add additional items in this step. Specifying shipping information, including the shipping method, shipping address, insurance, and so on. Adding billing information, such as credit card data and the billing address. Confirming the order after reviewing the complete order, including total cost.

public abstract aspect SecurityAspect { public pointcut performCall() : call(* TestPrecedence.perform()); before() : performCall() { System.out.println("<SecurityAspect:check/>"); } }

}

In EJB 3, we use the EntityManager API to perform entity operations such as persisting, finding, and removing entities. In EJB 2 the home interface acted as a factory interface to provide methods to create, remove, and find entity bean instances. Clients used these methods to persist, remove, and query bean instances. In the new EJB 3 world, client applications should be modified to use the EntityManager API. Let s say we have an EJB 2 newUser method in the BazaarAdminBean that is a session fa ade used to create an instance of a User entity bean as follows:

}

In listing 4.10, the aspect ExtendedSecurityAspect uses SecurityAspect as the base aspect. It too advises the perform() method in the TestPrecedence class and prints a message.

for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) { // All threads using the same StringBuilder - BAD! sb.AppendFormat("{0}: {1}", name, i); sb.AppendLine(); }

public void newUser(UserDTO user) throws CreateException, FinderException, NamingException { User userLocal = getUserLocalHome().create( user.getUserId(), user.getFirstName(), user.getLastName(), user.getUserType()); ... }

By the way, you ll have noticed that this code calls Join on both Thread objects. The Join method blocks until the thread has finished this code needs to do that because it prints the output only once the threads are done. This is a simple example of coordinating operations across multiple threads. However, it s not sufficient to avoid problems here. Looking at the output, it s clear that all is not well. Here are the first few lines, running on a quad-core system:

Our example code uses a DTO named UserDTO. After migration, the client code (where User is an entity) will look much simpler:

Main: One: Two: 00 Main: 1 2 MainTwo: 3 Main: 1 2 2 Two: 3One: Two: 4 Two: One: 6Two: One: 7 One: 8 : One: 9

public aspect ExtendedSecurityAspect extends SecurityAspect { before() : performCall() { System.out.println("<ExtendedSecurityAspect:check/>"); } }